课程名称︰经济学原理与实习上
课程性质︰必修
课程教师︰骆明庆
开课学院：社会科学院
开课系所︰经济学系
考试日期（年月日）︰94.01.14
考试时限（分钟）：110
是否需发放奖励金：是
（如未明确表示，则不予发放）
试题 :
2005.1.14
一、选择题，回答正确选项即可，不需说明。每题2分，共30分。
1. The difference between accounting profit and economic profit relates to
(a) the manner in which revenues are defined.
(b) how total revenue is calculated.
(c) the manner in which costs are defined.
(d) the price of the good in the market.
2.Cold Duck Airlines flies between Tacoma and Portland. The company leases
planes on a year-long contract at a cost that averages $600 per flight. Other
costs (fuel, flight attendants, etc.) amount to $550 per flight. Currently,
Cold Duck’s revenues are $1,000 per flight. All prices and costs are
expected to continue at their present levels. If it wants to maximize profit,
Cold Duck Airlines should
(a) drop the flight immediately.
(b) continue the flight.
(c) continue flying until the lease expires and then drop the run.
(d) drop the flight now but renew the lease if conditions improve.
3.Joe’s Garage operates in a perfectly competitive market. At the point
where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, ATC = $20, AVC = $15, and the price per unit is $10. In this situation,
(a) Joe’s Garage will break even.
(b) Joe’s Garage will shut down immediately.
(c) Joe’s will lose money in the short run, but stay in business.
(d) the market price will fall in the short run.
4.The market price in a perfectly competitive industry in short-run equilibrium
is $3 and the minimum average cost for all firms is $2.50. In the long run,
we would expect an increase in
(a) each firm’s output.
(b) the number of firms.
(c) each firm’s profit.
(d) each firm’s average costs.
5.Most markets are not monopolies in the real world because
(a) firms usually face downward-sloping demand curves.
(b) supply curves slope upward.
(c) price is usually set equal to marginal cost by firms.
(d) there are reasonable substitutes for most goods.
6.Suppose potatoes were produced in Canada by many, many firms in perfect
competition. In Belgium, only one firm produces potatoes for the Belgium
market. Suppose further that for the competitive firms and the monopoly
minimum ATC is the same. We would expect that in Belgium the price of
potatoes is ____ and ___ potatoes are produced and sold than in Canada.
(a) higher; more
(b) lower; more
(c) higher; fewer
(d) lower; fewer
7.A monopolist that practices perfect price discrimination
(a) creates no deadweight loss.
(b) charges one group of buyers a higher price than another group, such as
offering a student discount.
(c) produces the same monopoly level of output as when a single price is
charged.
(d) charges some customers a price below marginal cost because costs are
covered by the high-priced buyers.
8.The cigarette industry consists of large firms that compete vigorously by
advertising heavily, which is directed at creating fantasy and image.
Economists would characterize this industry as
(a) perfectly competitive.
(b) monopolistically competitive.
(c) oligopoly.
(d) monopoly.
9.In the prisoner’s dilemma,
(a) the prisoners easily collude in order to achieve the best possible payoff
for both.
(b) only one player has a dominant strategy.
(c) playing the dominant strategy leads to a better payoff for one prisoner
than would jointly selecting a different strategy.
(d) each player has a dominant strategy.
10.Which of the following conditions distinguishes monopolistic competition
from perfect competition?
(a) number of sellers
(b) freedom of entry and exit
(c) small size firms
(d) differentiation of product
11.In the long run, freedom of entry into a market forces a ___ to charge a
price equal to average total cost, but average total cost exceeds its
minimum level.
(a) perfectly competitive firm
(b) monopolistically competitive firm
(c) oligopolistic firm
(d) pure monopoly
12.One of the reasons that Kodak and Fuji films advertise so much is that
(a) each hopes to create a natural monopoly.
(b) they are in a perfectly competitive industry where advertising is the
difference between economic and normal profits.
(c) they want to develop brand loyalty.
(d) they want to increase price elasticities of demand.
13.The imposition of tariffs and quotas on imported goods tends to cause the
(a) demand curve for domestic labor to shift to the right.
(b) demand curve for domestic labor to shift to the left.
(c) supply curve of domestic labor to shift to the right.
(d) supply curve of domestic labor to shift to the left.
14.Working in a slaughterhouse is much riskier than working in a bookstore.
As a result, we’d expect a difference in wages between the two jobs, which
is known as
(a) an efficiency wage.
(b) a compensating differential.
(c) a wage adjustment.
(d) a minimum wage.
15.The time spent by students in college
(a) leads to lower lifetime earnings because opportunity costs are high.
(b) is an investment in human capital.
(c) decreases human capital by lowering work experience.
(d) increases as the low-skilled wage rate rises.
二、非选择题，共70分。
答题时请务必简洁，并适当说明你的想法，答题内容以能让阅卷人了解为原则。
1.(25分)
(a)(5分)
健保双涨指的是对“健保费率”和“部分负担”的调涨，前著增加每个人平时的保费支出
，后者增加每次看病时所需的花费。请由诱因的角度分析两者对国人每年看病次数的影响
(b)(5分)
2003年我国的总生育率为1.2人，专家因此认为“我国妇女一生只生1.2个小孩”。你认为
呢？(提示：同年我国有偶妇女的总生育率为8.9人，却没有专家认为“我国结婚有配偶
的妇女一生将生8.9人”。)
(c)(5分)
解决贫穷问题是许多人关心的公共政策，日本节目“抢救贫穷大作战”也经常描写餐厅
生意经营不善者拜师学艺的辛苦过程。请说明有些人一方面认为应该“降低贫富差距”，
一方面认为“大学开放之后大学生太多了”，这两种观点有何矛盾之处？
(提示：人力资本的取得是提高所得脱离贫穷罪确定而有效的途径。)
(d)(5分)
宜兰县五结乡公所为了鼓励乡民守时的观念，推行结婚喜宴准时开桌就送现金三至五千元
的活动。请从囚犯难题的角度，分析为什么喜宴延迟开桌是一个Nash均衡。
(e)(5分)
根据主计处网站公布的2005年预算书，台糖公司的砂糖产量约为4万7千公吨，每公斤平
均成本约41元，预计销售量则为45万公吨，售价为每公斤12元。请问，在价格远低于成本
，砂糖产销严重亏损的情况下，台糖公司为什么没有退出砂糖市场？
2. (15分)
A公司出版Mankiw的教科书，并在B国和C国销售。假设B国的需求是Qb = 1200 – 20P，
C国的需求是Qc = 600 – 30P，教科书的生产成本包括$1000的版权费，$3000的固定资
本投入，以及每本$2的印刷费。
(a)(6分)
假设A公司在B国和C国只能以相同的价格出售，那么售价与销售量各为何？A公司的利润为?
(b)(6分)
假设A公司能够阻止售出的教科书在两国间流通，因此可以在B国和C国采取差别取价，
此时教科书在两国的售价和销售量分别为何？A公司的总利润为何？
(c)(3分)
采取差别取价之后，A公司的利润应会增加或减少？
另外，哪个国家对教科书的需求弹性较大？
3. (15分)
假设独占性竞争(monopolistic competition)市场中，厂商甲的长期及短期生产函数皆为
TC = 8 – 4Q + 2Q^2
(a) (4分)
短期时该厂商面对的需求函数为P = 20-6Q，试求其最适定价及产量。
(提示：此时MC = -4 + 4Q)
(b) (3分)
承(a)，此时厂商甲的利润为何？
(c) (6分)
到了长期，其他厂商可自由进出市场，所以厂商面对的需求线因此平行移动而变成
P = a – 6Q，请问在长期均衡时，a之值为何？厂商甲的定价、产量各是多少？
(d) (2分)
承(c)，此时利润为何？
4. (15分)
若个别厂商生产稻米之生产函数为q=5K√L 其中K为资本量，L为劳动的雇用量。
假设短期之资本量为K=1，工资率为w=5，每单位资本的租金r=5。
(a) (4分)
短期时， 厂商的成本包括资本的顾并成本含劳动的变动成本，则厂商之平均成本 (AC)、
边际成本 (MC) 各是什么? (提示：先写出短期时劳动和产量的关系，再代入成本函数中)
(b) (3分)
假设稻米市场为一完全竞争市场，现在共有400家完全相同厂商，则市场的供给函数为何?
(c) (3分)
若市场的总需求是Q=4800-200P，则市场的均衡价格和交易量是多少？个别厂商的利润为？
(d) (5分)
短期时如果有利润存在，将导致新的厂商投入稻米市场。假设新加入的厂商与既有的厂
商使用完全相同的生产技术与资本量，则长期稻米的均衡价格和交易量为何？每家厂商
的利润为何? 每家厂商的产量为何? 共有几家厂商?