[试题] 1022 林淑芬 汉娜鄂兰论思考 期末考

楼主: ursaminors (ursaminor)   2014-06-23 19:33:13
课程名称:汉娜.鄂兰论思考
课程性质:
课程范围:
开课教师:林淑芬
开课学院:文学院
开课系级:哲学系
考试日期(年月日):2014.6.18
考试时限(Mins):120min
附注:
试题本文:
1.
在《极权主义的起源》中,鄂兰借用了康德在《理性限度内的宗教》所使用的语汇“根本
恶”(radical evil),但脱离了康德的脉络,否定恶的根源在于人类可理解的动机,而
将“根本恶”理解为“极端的恶”,试论鄂兰如何定义恶的现象?这与《人的境况》中所
揭橥的哪一个重要概念有关?试论述之。(20分)
2.
The Human Condition 德文版书名vita activa(行动生活),鄂兰使用vita activa来表
示哪三种根本性的人类活动?这三种人类活动又分别相应于哪三种人类境况?试申论之。
(20分)
3.
鄂兰在〈若干道德哲学问题〉一文中,引用邱吉尔的话:“我从小就被教育而相信是永恒
和重要的事情,几乎没有一件延续下来,而所有我所确信,或被教导确信是不可能发生的
事,都发生了。”这句引言最主要在说明西方传统的“道德”秩序已经全面崩溃,失去了
意义。她继而检视传统关于道德的看法,文中鄂兰认为道德既非风俗、习惯,亦非德行,
而是自明的,道德自明性首先关乎自我,而非他人。在此脉络下,她进一步探究道德的行
为不在于受义务的约束(如康德所言),而是根据自明的某种东西去行事,即使对于其周
遭之人来说都不再是自明之理。此一自明的某种东西,即是“良知”。鄂兰如何论述“意
识”(consciousness)和“良知”(conscience)的关联?试论述何谓思考活动的“二合
一”(two in one)?(20分)
4.
“在这些时刻,思考不再是政治状况中的边缘事件。当众人皆未加思考,伏拜于其他人所
为所信,思考者便会被人从隐匿之处推出来,因为他们的拒绝参与太明显了,这因此就变
成了一种行动。思考中净化的元素,及苏格拉底的产婆之喻,带出未受检视之意见所隐含
的意思,并借此摧毁价值、教条、理论,甚至信念;这样的过程是有政治意义的。这摧毁
的功夫,对另一种人类的能力有解放之效,这能力即是判断力。或许可以大大方方地说,
判断力是人类心智中最具政治意义的。那是判断特定个例,而不将之统摄到普遍规则之下
的能力,普遍规则可以教、可以学,直到变成习惯,但那也可以被另一习惯与规矩所取代
。”
“判断特定殊例的能力(如康德所发现者),即说出‘这是错的’、‘这是美的’等的能
力,并不同于思考能力。思考处理不可见的事物,不在场者的再现;判断总是关心特定事
物及当下的问题,但两者有内在关联,如同意识与良知彼此关联。如果思考,即无声对话
的二合一过程,在我们意识的同一性中实现的差异,并因此导致了良知的产生,那么,判
断,这思考解放作用的副产品,便是将思考现实化,使之显现于表象世界;在表象世界里
,我从来没有独处的时候,总是太忙而无法思考。思考之风的显现不是知识,而是辨别是
非、美丑的能力。而这在紧要关头确实可能阻止灾难的发生,至少对我而言如此。”
上述两段文字出现于〈若干道德哲学问题〉一文的末段,试针对这两段文字诠释思考与判
断的关联?又关于所谓“判断力是人类心智中最具政治意义的”,请以不涉利益的欣赏(
disinterested appreciation)、想像力(imagination)、表象性思考(representative
thinking)、扩展的心灵(enlarged mentality)、互为主体的(intersubjective)、
共同感(common sence)等提示,来加以论述之。(20分)
5.
“Human plurality, the basic condition of both action and speech, has the
twofold character of equality and distinction…. Speech and action reveal
this unique distinctness…. With word and deed we insert ourselves into the
human world, and this insertion is like a second birth, in which we confirm
and take upon ourselves the naked fact of our original physical appearance.
This insertion is not forced upon us by necessity, like labor, and it is not
prompted by utility, like work. It may be stimulated by the presence of
others whose company we may wish to join, but it is never conditioned by
them; its impulse springs from the beginning which came into the world when
we were born and to which we respond by beginning something new on our own
initiative. To act, in its most general sense, means to take an initiative,
to begin (as the Greek word archein, "to begin," "to lead," and eventually
"to rule," indicates), to set something into motion (which is the original
meaning of the Latin agere). Because they are initium, newcomers and
beginners by virtue of birth, men take initiative, are prompted into action.
[Initium] ergo ut esset, creatus est homo, ante quern nullus fuit ("that
there be a beginning, man was created before whom there was nobody"), said
Augustine in his political philosophy. This beginning is not the same as the
beginning of the world; it is not the beginning of something but of somebody,
who is a beginner himself. With the creation of man, the principle of
beginning came into the world itself, which, of course, is only another way
of saying that the principle of freedom was created when man was created but
not before.”
(Hannah Arendt, ‘The Disclosure of the Agent in Speech and Action’ in “The
Human Condition”)
试依据以上文字,诠释鄂兰的行动理论(请特别留意粗黑体)(20分)
6.
鄂兰以苏格拉底作为思考的范型,与苏格拉底有关的三个思考的比喻为何?其分别意涵为
何?(加分题,20分)
作者: gt1991k   2014-06-26 19:18:00
推~老师超好

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