课程名称︰经济学原理与实习上
课程性质︰必修/通识A5*
课程教师︰骆明庆
开课学院：社会科学院
开课系所︰经济学系
考试日期（年月日）︰103.01.06
考试时限（分钟）：110
是否需发放奖励金：是
（如未明确表示，则不予发放）
试题 :
一、选择题(45%):不须说明，写出正确答案即可。
1. Which of the following is an example of the free-rider problem?
(a) Both Zoe and Zach receive low-cost dental care at the local dental school,
so neither of them pays the full cost of the care.
(b) Alfred receives a free lunch from the local ”Meals on Wheels” program
because of his low monthly income. Yet his next door neighbor, Alice, is
not eligible for the free lunch.
(c) Bruce owns Buster, a large dog who barks whenever anyone walks near his
house. Betty lives next to Bruce, and Buster’s barking can be heard
whenever anyone walks near her house, too. Thus, Betty receives free
protection from burglars because of Buster’s barking.
(d) Sam purchases a burger at a fast food restaurant and gets a second burger
free because the restaurant is having a buy one, get one free sale.
2. What causes the Tragedy of the Commons?
(i) Social and private incentives differ.
(ii) Common resources are not rival in consumption and are not excludable.
(iii) Common resources are not excludable but are rival in consumption.
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (i) and (ii) only
(d) (i) and (iii) only
3. Which of the following tax systems could not be structured to satisfy
conditions of vertical equity?
(a) a proportional tax
(b) a regressive tax
(c) a progressive tax
(d) a lump-sum tax
4. Mary values a movie at $15 while Tim values it at $10. The price of the
movie is $9. If the government imposes a $2 tax per movie and the price of a
movie rises to $11, what part of the deadweight loss comes from Mary and
what part comes from Tim?
(a) none comes from Mary, $1 comes from Tim
(b) none comes from Mary, $3 comes from Tim
(c) $2 comes from Mary, $1 comes from Tim
(d) $4 comes from Mary, $3 comes from Tim
5. Suppose that for a particular firm the only variable input into the
production process is labor and that output equals zero when no workers are
hired. In addition, suppose that when the firm hires 2 workers, the total
cost of production is $100. When the firm hires 3 workers, the total cost of
production is $120. In addition, assume that the variable cost per unit of
labor is the same regardless of the number of units of labor that are hired.
What is the firm’s fixed cost?
(a) $40 (b) $60 (c) $80 (d) $100
6. A competitive market is in long-run equilibrium. If demand increases, we can
be certain that price will
(a) rise in the short run. Some firms will enter the industry. Price will then
rise to reach the new long-run equilibrium.
(b) rise in the short run. Some firms will enter the industry. Price will then
fall to reach the new long-run equilibrium.
(c) fall in the short run. All, some, or no firms will shut down, and some of
them will exit the industry. Price will then rise to reach the new long-run
equilibrium.
(d) not rise in the short run because firms will enter to maintain the price.
7. Laura is a gourmet chef who runs a small catering business in a competitive
industry. Laura specializes in making wedding cakes. Laura sells 20 wedding
cakes per month. Her monthly total revenue is $5,000. The marginal cost of
making a wedding cake is $300. In order to maximize profits, Laura should
(a) make more than 20 wedding cakes per month.
(b) make fewer than 20 wedding cakes per month.
(c) continue to make 20 wedding cakes per month.
(d) We do not have enough information with which to answer the question.
8. Suppose a monopolist chooses the price and production level that maximizes
its profit. From that point, to increase society’s economic welfare, output
would need to be increased as long as
(a) average revenue exceeds marginal cost.
(b) average revenue exceeds average total cost.
(c) marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost.
(d) marginal revenue exceeds average total cost.
9. How does a competitive market compare to a monopoly that engages in perfect
price discrimination?
(a) In both cases, total social welfare is the same.
(b) Total social welfare is higher in the competitive market than with the
perfectly price discriminating monopoly.
(c) In both cases, some potentially mutually beneficial trades do not occur.
(d) Consumer surplus is the same in both cases.
10. Senator Hubris wants to pass a law that would require all monopolistically
competitive firms to operate at their efficient scale. If this law were to
pass and be enforced, we would expect that monopolistically competitive
firms would
(a) see their profits increase.
(b) break even.
(c) lose money.
(d) not really be affected by the law.
11. In a two-person repeated game, a tit-for-tat strategy starts with
(a) cooperation and then each player mimics the other player’s last move.
(b) cooperation and then each player is unresponsive to the strategic moves of
the other player.
(c) noncooperation and then each player pursues his or her own self-interest.
(d) noncooperation and then each player cooperates when the other player
demonstrates a desire for the cooperative solution.
12. Suppose that a toxic waste spill renders half of the land in New Jersey
uninhabitable. Assuming that land and labor are complements in the
production function, what would happen to the wages earned by workers and
rents earned by landowners?
(a) Both wages and rents would increase.
(b) Both wages and rents would decrease.
(c) Wages would increase, and rents would decrease.
(d) Wages would decrease, and rents would increase.
13. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(a) If the signaling theory of education is correct, additional schooling does
not affect worker productivity but rather signals a correlation between
natural ability and education.
(b) The theory of efficiency wages suggests that firms pay higher wages to
workers in order to induce workers to be more productive.
(c) Discrimination against workers of a certain race or ethnicity is often in
conflict with a firm’s desire to maximize profits.
(d) The theory of compensating wage differentials reflects the different
skills, abilities, and productivity of workers.
14. Which political philosophy focuses on the process of determining the
distribution of income rather than on the outcome?
(a) utilitarianism
(b) liberalism
(c) libertarianism
(d) welfarism
15. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(a) It is possible that additional education will increase a worker’s wage
without increasing the worker’s productivity.
(b) If discriminating wage differentials persist in competitive markets, it is
primarily because either consumers are willing to pay to maintain the
discrimination or because government mandates it.
(c) An efficiency wage corresponds to a lower wage that a nondiscriminating
employer pays to a worker because a discriminating employer won’t hire her.
(d) In competitive markets, workers are paid a wage equal to the value of their
marginal product.
二、非选择题(55%):答题时请适当说明你的想法，答案内容以让批改者了解为原则。
1. (20%) 请简要回答以下问题。
(a) (5%)
根据《联合报》2013年12月25日的报导，“苹果公司限制电信业者销售iPhone绑约价格，
公平会今天认定为违反公平交易法，决议重罚苹果亚洲公司2000万元。”请问
(A)经济学家怎么称呼这种“制造商限制经销商售价”的作法?
(B)为什么某些经济学家不认为制造商这种做法是在阻碍市场的竞争，因此并不属于
反托拉斯法(Antitrust Law)规范的范围。
(b) (5%)
假设今年夏天的大台风摧毁了拉拉山的水蜜桃收成。由于这场大台风，水蜜桃的价格含
采收工人的边际产量分别会发生什么变化?水蜜桃采收工人的需求又会发生什么变化?
(c) (5%)
What conditions lead to economic superstars? Would you expect to see superstars
in dentistry (牙医)? In music? Explain.
(d) (5%)
低学费政策之下，大学教育的供给量小于需求量，我国入学制度主要以考试成绩来决定
入学机会的分配。为什么我国的低学费政策是一种“逆向”的所得重分配?
2. (10%) 假设肥料市场视为全竞争市场，现在厂商处于仍在生产肥料、但有亏损的状态。
(a) (3%)
请比较肥料价格(P)和平均总成本(ATC)、平均变动成本(AVC)以及边际成本(MC)之间
的大小关系。
(b) (3%)
在两个并排的图形上，划出此时厂商与市场的状况。
(c) (4%)
长期均衡之下，肥料价格、每个厂商的边际成本、平均总成本与供给量，以及市场总
供给量将如何变动?
3. (10%)
Consider a monopolistically competitive market with N firms. Each firm’s
business opportunities are described by the following equations:
Demand: Q = 100/N - P,
Marginal Revenue: MR = 100/N - 2Q,
Total Cost: TC = 50 + Q^2,
Marginal Cost: MC = 2Q.
(a) (2%)
How does N,the number of firms in the market, affect each firm's demand curve?
Why?
(b) (2%)
How many units does each firm produce?
(The anwsers to this and the next two questions depends on N.)
(c) (2%)
What price does each firm charge?
(d) (2%)
How much profit does each firm make?
(e) (2%)
In the long run, how many firms will exist in this market?
4. (15%)
大咖
高价 低价
进入市场 大咖赚300万元 大咖赚100万元
小咖赚200万元 小咖亏损100万元
小咖
不进入市场 大咖赚700万元 大咖赚200万元
小咖赚0万元 小咖赚0万元
“小咖”是一家小咖啡公司，正考虑要不要进入由“大咖”所主宰的某一个市场。
这两家公司的利润决定于“小咖”有没有进入市场以及“大咖”所订的价格是高或是低。
(a) (4%)
这两家公司是否都有优势策略(dominant strategy)? 请说明。
(b) (4%)
此一赛局的Nash均衡为何? 这个Nash均衡是唯一的吗?
(c) (4%)
如果“大咖”威胁“小咖”说:“如果你进入市场，我会把价格压低，所
以你最好靠边站。”你认为“小咖”应该相信“大咖”的威胁吗?为什么?
(d) (3%)
如果这两家公司可以就如何分配总利润达成协议，则最后的市场状况将为何?两家公司的
利润为何?