请帮我看一下还需要修改哪个部分....第一次提疑义 有点紧张
在Burns, Pierson & Reddy 于2014年提出的Working Together: How Teachers Teach
and Students Learn inCollaborative Learning Environments一文中，提到了有关“协
同学习”(collaborative learning)的特征如下:
Collaborative learning (Johnson & Johnson, 1988) is an instructional method
characterized by the following traits:
1.Positive interdependence: Team members need one another to complete their
task. They cannot complete the activity alone.
2.Individual accountability: Each team member is responsible for a certain
part of the task or fulfills a certain role. If someone is not doing his/her job,
true collaboration is absent.
3.Social skills: Team members must learn to handle conflict, argue
constructively, and disagree without being disagreeable, etc.
4.Face-to-face interaction: Team members physically work together, in a
common space, to complete their task.
5.Group processing: Team members help one another understand how learning
occurred and how each team member contributed to completion of the overall
product. Reflecting on learning is critical to real learning.
又在黄善美，黄万居于2003年提出的以问题中心的合作学习策略对国小学童科学学习之研
究一文中，提出长期以来，教室内的关系是竞争、冲突和表面的接触，学生少有机会做深入
的沟通，因此往往不利于建立良好的关系。合作学习强调同侪间的积极互动与彼此协
助，可使学生在学习的过程中视共同的目标唯一致的标的（张秀雄、吴美娇、刘秀嫚，
1999）。皆未提出协同(合作)学习有“善用小组竞争”之特征，因此提出疑义。