课程名称︰普通生物学乙下
课程性质︰医学系大一必带
课程教师︰郭典翰
开课学院：医学院
开课系所︰医学系
考试日期（年月日）︰2014/03/25
考试时限（分钟）：110
是否需发放奖励金：是
（如未明确表示，则不予发放）
试题 :
PART I: Multiple-Choice Questions (64 pts; 2 pts each)
1. Which of the following items is NOT characteristic of animals?
B
A. Multicellularity
B. Autotroph
C. Possessing collagen
D. Hox genes
E. Embryonic development
2. Which of the following statements about animal phylogeny is false?
C
A. Sponge is considered as the most basally branching taxon in both
morphology- and DNA-based phylogenetic trees.
B. Most animal phyla belong to Bilateria.
C. Animals that molt are group together in Ecdysozoa based on this
morphological character.
D. Brachiapoda is considered as part of Deuterostomia in morphology-based
trees.
E. Molecular data unite a diverse group of protostomes under
Lophotrochozoa.
3. Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa
C . Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly
shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid.
There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and
none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can
lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by
crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the
substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting
nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have
embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage.
On the basis of information in the previous paragraph, which of these
should be able to be observed in Tp?
A. the act of fertilization
B. the process of gastrulation
C. eggs
D. All three of the responses above are correct.
E. None of the responsed above are correct.
4. Evolution of is associated with cephalization.
D ￣￣
A. heart
B. kidney
C. lung
D. brain
E. muscular appendages
5. Mesohyl is the supporting matrix of body wall.
A ￣￣
A. sponge
B. flatworm
C. cnidarian
D. ascidian
E. nematode
6. Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators?
B
A. Arthropoda
B. Cnidaria
C. Mollusca
D. Echinodermata
E. Annelida
7. Which of the following is found only among annelids?
E
A. a closed circulatory system
B. a hydrostatic skeleton
C. a cuticle made of chitin
D. segmentation
E. a clitellum
8. You find a small animal with eight legs crawling up your bedroom wall.
C Closer examination will probably reveal that this animal has
A. a head, thorax, and abdomen.
B. two pairs of antennae.
C. simple, but not compound, eyes.
D. tracheae and spiracles.
E. all of these.
9. How many of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct?
D
1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are noncraniate chordates.
2. Craniates' genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes
that code for transcription factors.
3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade.
4. Pharyngeal slits that play a major role in gas exchange originated in
craniates.
5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates.
A. only 1 is correct
B. 1 and 5 are correct
C. 2, 3, and 5 are correct
D. 1, 2, 4, and 5 are correct
E. all 5 options are correct
10. Birds generate a lot of heat, especially during flight. Yet the adipose
E tissue under their skin and the feathers atop their skin make it difficult
to eliminate excess heat across the skin. Which of the following
alternatives can absorb body heat and eliminate it from the bird most
effectively?
A. blood in the vessels
B. urine in the bladder
C. blood in the heart
D. lymph in the lymphatic vessels
E. air in the air sacs
11. Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found
C in
A. chondrichthyes.
B. amphibians.
C. mammals.
D. birds.
E. actinopterygians.
12. Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of
B whose members have fully opposable thumbs?
A. hominins
B. anthropoids
C. apes
D. Homo
E. primates
13. Blood is best classified as connective tissue because
E
A. it contains more than one type of cell.
B. its cells can move from place to place.
C. it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an
organism's body.
D. it is found within all the organs of the body.
E. its cells are separated from each other by and extracellular matrix.
14. Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that
B
A. positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback
systems have only receptors.
B. the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as
the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.
C. positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in
negative feedback systems.
D. positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is
detrimental.
E. the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body
temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the
parameter.
15. The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the
A
A. hypothalamus.
B. medulla oblongata.
C. liver.
D. thyroid gland.
E. subcutaneous layer of the skin.
16. Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass,
E from lowest to highest.
A. hummingbird, dog, mouse
B. gazelle, lion, elephant
C. human, cat, mouse, salamander
D. human, rabbit, snake
E. fish, dog, mouse
17. Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals
A because
A. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.
B. the nutrients are necessary coenzymes.
C. only certain foods contain them.
D. only those animals use those nutrients.
E. the nutrients are subunits of important polymers.
18. Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of
B macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for
A. regurgitation.
B. enzymatic hydrolysis.
C. demineralization.
D. dehydration synthesis.
E. elimination.
19. Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells
D
A. delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.
B. initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
C. initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
D. initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
E. include pepsinogen.
20. The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the
D
A. processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the
processing of carbohydrates does.
B. fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption.
C. fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed
from the small intestine.
D. most absorbed fat first enter the lymphatic system, whereas
carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
E. carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas
fats do not.
21. A biologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The
E evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and
had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A
reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the
A. species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure.
B. animal was likely an invertebrate animal.
C. animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles.
D. animal had evolved from birds.
E. animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate.
22. What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels
C associated with a capillary bed?
A. the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small
B. an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed
C. the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
D. more fluid entering the venous capillaries
E. fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid
23. The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because
E
A. the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a
lower cardiac output than the right ventricle.
B. the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance
from the heart increases.
C. the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with
the cells.
D. the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the
capillaries at a high flow rate.
E. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the
total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the
circulatory system.
24. To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric
A molecules of oxygen must cross
A. 5 cell membranes.
B. 4 cell membranes.
C. 2 cell membranes.
D. 0 membranes.
E. 1 cell membrane.
25. Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase
B in their permeability, producing
A. pain.
B. redness, heat, and swelling.
C. all of the signs of a major infection.
D. redness and heat only.
E. swelling only.
26. A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would
B most likely
A. lack humoral immunity.
B. be unable to differentiate and mature T cells.
C. have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies.
D. be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors.
E. lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces.
27. The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to
B
A. recognize differences among types of cancer.
B. distinguish self from nonself.
C. recognize specific parasitic pathogens.
D. identify specific viruses.
E. identify specific bacterial pathogens.
28. The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody
D molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this
wide range of antibody production is due to
A. rearrangements of cytosolic proteins in the thymus cells.
B. increased rate of mutation in the RNA molecules.
C. alternative splicing of exons after transcription.
D. DNA rearrangements.
E. crossing over between the light and heavy chains of each antibody
molecule during meiosis I.
29. The transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would
A result in
A. the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells.
B. no reaction because type O is a universal donor.
C. the recipient's anti-A and anti-O antibodies reacting with the donated
red blood cells if the donor was a heterozygote (Ai) for blood type.
D. the recipient's B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies.
E. no reaction because the O-type individual does not have antibodies.
30. Ammonia
C
A. is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects.
B. can be stored in the body as a precipitate.
C. is soluble in water.
D. is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea.
E. has low toxicity relative to urea.
31. Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of
E
A. secretion along the distal tubule.
+
B. H pumping to control pH.
C. salt pumping to control osmolarity.
D. reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule.
E. filtration from the glomerular capillaries.
32. Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can
A be triggered by
A. severe sweating on a hot day.
B. eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni.
C. sleeping for one hour.
D. drinking several glasses of water.
E. eating a bag of potato chips.
PART II: Give a definition to each of the following terms (36 pts, 4 pts each;
answer in either Chinese or English; use diagram if necessary)
1. Gastrovascular cavity
2. Countercurrent exchange
3. Chief cell
4. Sinoatrial node
5. Thrombin
6. Bohr shift
7. Clonal selection
8. Antigen presentation
9. Aquaporin
PART III: Bonus Q&A (10 pts.)
1. Other than Homo sapiens, there is a second species of hominin whose whole
nuclear genome is entirely sequenced. What is this homonin species? (3 pts)
2. What are the mechanisms by which a giraffe prevents a surge of blood
pressure in brain when it lowers its head to drink? (4 pts)
3. A B cell can undergo "class switch" to change the type of antibody it
expresses. However, the switch is irreversible. For example, an IgM can
switch into an IgG, but not the other way around. Why? (2 pts) In "class
switch", which part of antibody is different between classes? (1 pt)