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1.媒体来源:
AP 美联社
2.记者署名:
GRAHAM DUNBAR
3.完整新闻标题:
Sex eligibility rules for female athletes are complex and legally difficult.
Here’s how they work
女运动员的性别资格规则很复杂，而且在法律上也很困难。他们是这样运作的
4.完整新闻内文:
PARIS (AP) — Women’s boxing at the Paris Olympics has highlighted the
complexity of drafting and enforcing sex eligibility rules for women’s
sports and how athletes like Imane Khelif of Algeria and Lin Yu-ting of
Taiwan are left vulnerable in the fallout.
巴黎（美联社）—巴黎奥运会上的女子拳击凸显了起草和执行女子运动性别资格规则的复
杂性，以及像阿尔及利亚选手伊曼·哈利夫和台湾选手林玉婷这样的运动员如何在这场影
响中变得脆弱。
When eligibility for women’s events has come into question, it often has
been a legally difficult process for sports bodies that has risked exposing
athletes to humiliation and abuse. In the 1960s, the Olympics used degrading
visual tests intended to verify the sex of athletes.
The modern era of eligibility rules are widely known to have started in 2009,
after South African 800-meter runner Caster Semenya surged to stardom on the
track as an 18-year-old gold medalist at the world championships.
Semenya, the Olympic champion in the 800 meters in 2012 and 2016, is not
competing in Paris because she effectively is banned from doing so unless she
medically reduces her testosterone. She is, however, still involved in a
legal challenge to track’s rules, now into its seventh year.
Here’s a look at sex tests in sports and the complexity they create amid
changing attitudes toward gender identity:
What is the criteria for female participation?
Testosterone levels — not XY chromosomes, which is the pattern typically
seen in men — are the key criterion of eligibility in Olympic events where
the sport’s governing body has framed and approved rules.
That’s because some women, assigned female at birth and identifying as
women, have conditions called differences of sex development, or DSD, that
involves an XY chromosome pattern or natural testosterone higher than the
typical female range. Some sports officials say that gives them an unfair
advantage over other women in sports, but the science is inconclusive.
Semenya, whose medical data proved impossible to keep private during her
legal cases — has a DSD condition. She was legally identified as female at
birth and has identified as female her whole life.
Testosterone is a natural hormone that increases the mass and strength of
bone and muscle after puberty. The normal adult male range rises to multiple
times higher than for females, up to about 30 nanomoles per liter of blood
compared with less than 2 nmol/L for women.
In 2019, at a Court of Arbitration for Sport hearing, track’s governing body
argued athletes with DSD conditions were “biologically male.” Semenya said
that was “deeply hurtful.”
Semenya’s case played out very publicly before 2021, when gender identity
was a big story at the Tokyo Olympics and in society and sports in general.
She took oral contraceptives from 2010-15 to reduce her testosterone levels
and said they caused a myriad of unwanted side effects: weight gain, fevers,
a constant feeling of nausea and abdominal pain, all of which she experienced
while running at the 2011 world championships and 2012 Olympics.
Female athletes of color have historically faced disproportionate scrutiny
and discrimination when it comes to sex testing and false accusations that
they are male or transgender.
Why does sex verification testing differ between sports?
Each governing body of an Olympic sport is responsible for drafting its own
rules, from the field of play to who is eligible to play.
Women’s boxing came to the Paris Games with effectively the same eligibility
criterion — an athlete is female in her passport — as at the Rio de Janeiro
Olympics in 2016 after the International Boxing Association was permanently
banned from the Games following decades of troubled governance and
longstanding accusations of a thorough lack of normal transparency. Much has
happened in the science and debate in those eight years.
Since the Tokyo Games in 2021, track’s World Athletics tightened the
eligibility rules for female athletes with DSD conditions. Starting in March
2023, it required them to suppress their testosterone levels below 2.5 nmol/L
for six months, commonly through hormone-suppressing treatment, to be
eligible to compete.
That was half the level of 5 nmol/L proposed in 2015 for athletes competing
at distances from 400 meters to 1 mile.
World Athletics followed another major sport — World Aquatics — in
prohibiting transgender women from competing in women’s races if they had
undergone male puberty. The International Cycling Union also took this step
last year.
The swim body’s world-leading rules additionally require transgender women
athletes who did not benefit from male puberty to maintain testosterone
levels below 2.5 nmol/L.
World Aquatics is not actively testing junior athletes. The first step for
athletes is that national swim federations “certify their chromosomal sex.”
Similarly, soccer’s world body FIFA defers to its national member
federations to verify and register the sex of players.
“No mandatory or routine gender testing verification examinations will take
place at FIFA competitions,” it said in a 2011 advisory that is still in
force and has been under a lengthy review.
Why do governing bodies care about who identifies as female?
Many sports bodies try to balance inclusion for all athletes and fairness to
all on the field of play. They also argue that in contact and combat sports,
like boxing, physical safety is a key consideration.
In the Semenya case, the judges at the Court of Arbitration for Sport
acknowledged in a 2-1 ruling against her that discrimination against some
women was “a necessary, reasonable and proportionate means” to preserve
fairness.
Male athletes are not required to regulate their natural levels of
testosterone, and female athletes who do not have DSD conditions also can
benefit.
“The idea that a testosterone test is some kind of magic bullet is actually
not true,” International Olympic Committee spokesman Mark Adams said in
Paris as the women’s boxing debate has raged.
What does the IOC require?
The IOC is at times very powerful and at others not at all.
The Switzerland-based organization manages the “Olympic Charter” book of
rules, owns the Olympics brand, picks the hosts and helps fund them through
the billions of dollars it earns selling the broadcasting and sponsor rights.
The Olympic sports events, however, are run by the individual governing
bodies, like FIFA and World Athletics. They codify and enforce their own
athlete eligibility and field-of-play rules as well as disciplinary codes.
So when Olympics sports reviewed and updated how they handled sex eligibility
issues, including with transgender athletes, the IOC published advice in
2021, not binding rules.
That was the organization’s framework on gender and sex inclusion that
recognized the need for a “safe, harassment-free environment” honoring
athletes’ identities while ensuring competitions are fair.
Boxing, however, was different, and the consequences have hit hard in Paris.
The IOC has been in a yearslong and increasingly bitter feud with the
International Boxing Association, which is now Russian-led, culminating in a
permanent ban from the Olympics last year.
For the second straight Summer Games, the Olympic boxing tournaments have
been run by an IOC-appointed administrative committee and not a functioning
governing body.
In this dysfunction, boxing eligibility rules have not kept pace with other
sports, and the issues weren’t addressed ahead of the Paris Games.
At the 2023 world championships, Khelif and Lin were disqualified and denied
medals by the IBA, which said they failed eligibility tests for the women’s
competition but has given little information about them. The governing body
has contradicted itself repeatedly about whether the tests measured
testosterone.
In a chaotic press conference Monday in Paris, IBA officials said they did
blood tests on only four of the hundreds of fighters at the 2022 world
championships and that it tested Khelif and Lin in response to complaints
from other teams, apparently acknowledging an uneven standard of profiling
that is considered widely unacceptable in sports.
Who is challenging established rules in some sports?
Before Semenya, there was sprinter Dutee Chand of India who went to the Court
of Arbitration for Sport. She challenged track and field’s initial
testosterone rules passed in 2011 as a reaction to Semenya.
A first CAS ruling for Chand in 2015 froze the rules and led to an update in
2018, which was then challenged by Semenya. Her career in the 800 stalled
because she refused to take medication to artificially suppress her
testosterone levels and was barred from competing at elite events.
Semenya lost at CAS in 2019 but went through Switzerland’s supreme court to
the European Court of Human Rights, where she scored a landmark, but not
total, win last year.
In May, another ECHR hearing in Semenya’s case was held, and a ruling likely
will come next year.
The case could be sent back to Switzerland, maybe even back to CAS in the
Olympic home city of Lausanne, Switzerland. Other sports are watching and
waiting.
当女子项目的资格受到质疑时，对于体育机构来说，这往往是一个法律上困难的过程，可
能会让运动员面临羞辱和虐待的风险。 20 世纪 60 年代，奥运会使用了有辱人格的视觉
测试，旨在验证运动员的性别。
众所周知，现代资格规则时代始于 2009 年，当时南非 800 公尺跑运动员卡斯特·塞门
亚 (Caster Semenya) 在世锦赛上以 18 岁的金牌获得者的身份一跃成为赛场明星。
2012 年和 2016 年奥运会 800 公尺冠军塞门亚没有参加巴黎比赛，因为她实际上被禁止
参加比赛，除非她透过医学手段降低睪固酮水平。然而，她仍然参与田径规则的法律挑战
，现在已经进入第七年了。
以下是体育运动中的性别测试，以及它们在人们对性别认同态度不断变化的过程中所产生
的复杂性：
女性参与的标准是什么？
睪固酮水平（而不是男性中常见的 XY 染色体模式）是奥运比赛资格的关键标准，奥运的
管理机构制定并批准了规则。
这是因为，一些出生时被指定为女性并被认定为女性的女性患有称为性发育差异（DSD）
的病症，其中涉及 XY 染色体模式或天然睪固酮水平高于典型女性范围。一些体育官员表
示，这让她们在运动中比其他女性拥有不公平的优势，但科学还没有定论。
Semenya患有 DSD 病症，她的医疗资料在她的法律案件中被证明不可能保密。她在出生时
就被法律认定为女性，并且一生都被认定为女性。
睪酮是一种天然激素，可增加青春期后骨骼和肌肉的质量和强度。正常成年男性的范围比
女性高出数倍，高达每公升血液约 30 纳摩尔，而女性则低于 2 奈摩尔/公升。
2019 年，在体育仲裁法庭听证会上，田径管理机构辩称，患有 DSD 病症的运动员“在生
物学上是男性”。塞门亚说这“非常伤人”。
塞门亚的案件在 2021 年之前就非常公开地发生过，当时性别认同是东京奥运以及整个社
会和体育界的一个大新闻。她从2010-15 年间服用口服避孕药来降低睪固酮水平，并表示
这些药物导致了许多不良副作用：体重增加、发烧、持续的恶心感和腹痛，所有这些都是
她在参加2011 年世界锦标赛时经历过的和2012年奥运。
有色人种女运动员在性别测试和男性或跨性别者的错误指控方面历来面临过度的审查和歧
视。
为什么不同运动项目的性别验证测试会有所不同？
奥林匹克运动项目的每个管理机构都负责起草自己的规则，从比赛场地到参赛资格。
女子拳击参加巴黎奥运会的资格标准实际上与 2016 年里约热内卢奥运会相同——运动员
的护照上必须是女性——此前国际拳击协会因子十年的治理问题和长期指控而被永久禁止
参加奥运会。正常的透明度。这八年里，科学界和辩论界发生了很多事情。
自2021年东京奥运会以来，世界田径协会收紧了对符合DSD条件的女运动员的资格规则。
从 2023 年 3 月开始，要求他们在六个月内将睪固酮水平抑制在 2.5 nmol/L 以下，通
常透过荷尔蒙抑制治疗，才有资格参加比赛。
这只是 2015 年为 400 公尺至 1 英里比赛距离的运动员提出的 5 nmol/L 水平的一半。
世界田径运动紧接着另一项主要运动——世界水上运动——禁止已经历男性青春期的跨性
别女性参加女子比赛。国际自行车联盟去年也采取了这项措施。
游泳协会世界领先的规则还要求未从男性青春期获益的变性女运动员将睪固酮水平维持
在 2.5 nmol/L 以下。
世界游泳运动会并没有积极测试青少年运动员。运动员的第一步是国家游泳联合会“证明
他们的染色体性别”。
同样，世界足球组织国际足总 (FIFA) 也遵循其国家成员联合会的规定来核实和登记球员
的性别。
国际足总在 2011 年的一份建议中表示，“国际足总比赛中不会进行强制性或例行的性别
测试验证检查”，该建议仍然有效，并且经过了长时间的审查。
为什么管理机构关心谁是女性？
许多体育机构试图平衡所有运动员的包容性和赛场上所有人的公平性。他们也认为，在拳
击等接触性和格斗运动中，人身安全是关键考虑因素。
在塞门亚案中，体育仲裁法院的法官以 2 比 1 的比分做出了不利于她的裁决，承认对某
些女性的歧视是维护公平的“必要、合理和相称的手段”。
男性运动员不需要调节其自然睪固酮水平，没有 DSD 病症的女性运动员也可以受益。
“认为睪固酮测试是某种灵丹妙药的想法实际上是不正确的，”国际奥委会发言人马克亚
当斯在巴黎表示，女子拳击辩论已经愈演愈烈。
国际奥委会有什么要求？
国际奥委会有时非常强大，有时却毫无权力。
这家总部位于瑞士的组织管理《奥林匹克宪章》的规则手册，拥有奥运品牌，挑选主办方
，并透过出售转播权和赞助权赚取的数十亿美元来帮助资助主办方。
然而，奥运体育赛事是由国际足总和世界田径等各个管理机构管理的。他们制定并执行自
己的运动员资格、赛场规则以及纪律守则。
因此，当奥运体育部门审查和更新他们处理性别资格问题（包括跨性别运动员）的方式时
，国际奥委会在 2021 年发布了建议，而不是具有约束力的规则。
这是该组织关于性别和性别包容的框架，该框架认识到需要一个“安全、无骚扰的环境”
，尊重运动员的身份，同时确保比赛公平。
然而，拳击运动却有所不同，其后果在巴黎受到了沉重打击。
国际奥委会与目前由俄罗斯领导的国际拳击协会之间存在着数年且日益激烈的争执，最终
于去年被永久禁止参加奥运。
连续第二届夏季奥运会，奥运会拳击比赛都是由国际奥委会指定的管理委员会而不是一个
正常运作的管理机构负责管理。
在这种功能失调的情况下，拳击资格规则没有跟上其他运动的步伐，而且这些问题在巴黎
奥运会之前也没有得到解决。
在 2023 年世锦赛上，哈利夫和林(Khelif and Lin)被 IBA 取消资格并拒绝获得奖牌，
IBA 表示她们没有通过女子比赛的资格测试，但几乎没有提供有关她们的资讯。对于这
些测试是否测量睪酮水平，管理机构一再自相矛盾。
在周一在巴黎举行的一场混乱的新闻发布会上，IBA 官员表示，他们只对2022 年世锦赛
数百名拳手中的四人进行了血液检测，并针对其他球队的投诉对哈利夫和林进行了检测，
这显然承认了不平衡的标准。
谁在挑战某些运动中的既定规则？
在塞门亚之前，印度短跑运动员杜蒂·昌德（Dutee Chand）曾向体育仲裁法庭提起诉讼
。作为对塞门亚的反应，她对 2011 年通过的田径运动最初的睪固酮规则提出了挑战。
CAS 于 2015 年对 Chand 做出的首次裁决冻结了规则，并于 2018 年进行了更新，随后
受到 Semenya 的挑战。她的 800 公尺职业生涯陷入停滞，因为她拒绝服用药物来人为抑
制睪固酮水平，并被禁止参加精英赛事。
塞门亚于 2019 年在 CAS 中败诉，但透过瑞士最高法院向欧洲人权法院提起诉讼，去年
她在欧洲人权法院取得了里程碑式的胜利，但并非全部胜利。
5 月，欧洲人权法院就 Semenya 案件举行了另一场听证会，裁决可能将于明年做出。
该案件可能会被送回瑞士，甚至可能会被送回位于奥运会主办城市瑞士洛桑的 CAS。其他
运动项目都在观望和等待。
5.完整新闻连结 (或短网址)不可用YAHOO、LINE、MSN等转载媒体:
https://apnews.com/article/sex-eligibility-tests-female-athletes-07572d23d409126a8e069cb0bced1706
https://reurl.cc/1bYmOX
6.备注:
什么美国野鸡新闻 竟敢污蔑林破坏女性比赛公平性
青鸟 快飞阿
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