这题我想了很久
我觉得(A)经验主义太笼统了
(C)进步主义的论述比较有突出华德福的特色
所以就去找了以下相关的资讯
请大家拨冗看一下并给予意见 谢谢囉!
一、进步教育与进步主义之关系
【资料来源】国立编译馆主编(2000)。教育大辞书(八)。台北:文景书局。
进步教育(Progressive Education)是与传统教育(Traditional Education)对应的一个
名词。在19世纪的英国,打破男女分校的教育禁忌,实施男女合校的教育,便是所谓的进
步教育。进步教育在美国则是指从19世纪后期经由留学欧洲返美的学者所主张以儿童为中
心的教育思潮;具体地演变成为20世纪初期美国教育史上的一种新教育运动。基本上,进
步教育是反对当时已沦入为形式主义的教育,其教育实施不仅远离了现实的社会生活,而
且教育上的理论与方法,亦未能兼顾到儿童自身的需求。
二、期刊文章论华德福(Waldorf)与进步教育(Progressive Education )
《WALDORF (RUDOLF STEINER) SCHOOLS AS SCHOOLS IN THE PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION
TRADITION》by Alduino Bartolo Mazzone
指出华德福(Waldorf)教育与进步教育(Progressive Education )之间有着密切的关系:
“……their relationship to the early progressive education movement ……”
“Thus the educational milieu, at the time when the founding of the first
Waldorf school was imminent, can be characterised by increasing formality in
and dominance of State education, and a newly emerging wave of progressive
educational ideas.”
《Three Approaches from Europe: Waldorf, Montessori, and Reggio Emilia》by
Carolyn Pope Edwards
指出这些教育方法﹝华德福(Waldorf)为其中之一﹞重视儿童之潜能开发,并重视自然与
动态:
“They are built on coherent visions of how to improve human society by
helping children realize their full potential as intelligent, creative, whole
persons. In each approach, children are viewed as active authors of their own
development, strongly influenced by natural, dynamic, self-righting forces
within themselves, opening the way toward growth and learning. ”
三、结论:根据上述资料显示,华德福(Waldorf)之教育理念宗旨、进步主义
(Progressivism)皆与进步教育(Progressive Education )有渊源,且华德福(Waldorf)与
步主义(Progressivism)之以儿童为中心之教育论点相互呼应。根据亲子天下专刊整理,
华德福教育具以下的特点:统整的教学法、重视口语发展、强调节奏、课程步调良好、所
有课程设计都依据孩童发展、艺术与创意的教学法……等等,以上特点与进步主义之教学
观不谋而合:学校是提供经验的场所、做中学、强调问题解决……等等。
故本考生认为,本题答案以(C)进步主义较为精准适切