大家好，我是SK2的Rosa，
最近常常有同学问我这个问题，
“老师，我很不会抓架构，要怎么练习？”
我想这是很多同学都会有的问题，
因此，决定写一篇文章与同学分享如何练习抓架构。
首先让我们来谈谈架构的重要性，为什么要会抓架构呢？
一、节省阅读时间：同学通常会觉得阅读难在看不完，时间很赶。这其实是
因为大部份同学都是使用细读—也就是每个字都看—的阅读方式。但是当你
会抓架构时，就能够跳过很多不必要的资讯，自然不需要很多时间理解全
文。再者、抓架构的能力不只在考托福时很重要，甚至是你出国必备的能
力。试想，出国时，每科功课就要读好几百页的原文书，用抓架构的能力阅
读，可以节省非常多时间。
二、提升答题率：同学常会觉得答案选项都长得很像，很难选。这其实也是
因为你读太细了，容易被文中的细节误导。当你会抓架构时，你便能够一眼
辨识太详细的选项，直接跳过，选答案自然变得容易了。
既然抓架构的能力这么重要，让我们谈谈要如何练习抓架构吧！
所谓“架构”包含句子与句子之间的关联性，段落与段落的关联性，以及文
章整体的核心概念。
当你可以很快读懂句与句的关联、分析哪个段落重要、还有看出整篇文章的
核心概念，表示抓架构的能力提升了。
以下分享简单七步骤，练习抓架构的能力。
最好的练习教材不外乎是同学当天做的TPO阅读，因为这对于考试分数的提
升有绝大的帮助。
抓架构的七大步骤：
一、skim整段：所谓skim—略读—是指每句话只看S.V.O.，甚至以新资讯为
主。skim的时候请特别留意转折词以及态度字眼，这两者会告诉你哪个资讯
重要。
不会skim吗？
请看以下这篇文章，了解如何skim。
为什么GMAT/托福多念了一个月，分数仍然上不去？
http://sk2toefl.blogspot.tw/2014/08/gmat.html
以下这个段落你会怎么skim？
请拿纸笔试试（或是于word档复制贴上），把你看的讯息画线，并用红笔圈
出转折词以及态度相关的字眼，再与我的比较。
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages
tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in
resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks
the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then
resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is
the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can
change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
我会这样skim。
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like（比喻算比较关系，因此我用红字表示） sucking air
out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse（比喻较难
懂，因此我抓后面的资讯collapse比较好理解）. Also there is a
regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the
nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from
allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. （这
句话我视为细节，因此不抓S.V.O.）Coupled with these factors is the
loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change
the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
二、分析整段的主旨与细节：你是否能够很快辨认哪些句子为主旨，哪些为
细节？如此考试时，便能够跳过细节，只记主旨，可以节省很多时间。
哪句话是主旨、哪些句子为细节，请分别用两种不同颜色的笔表示。
以下这个段落你会怎么分析？请拿纸笔试试（或是于word档复制贴上）。
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages
tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in
resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks
the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then
resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is
the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can
change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
这段我会这样看：
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages
tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in
resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks
the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then
resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is
the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can
change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
整段主旨为several changes。其他句子都在讲解哪些changes。
三、在每句话中间放入转折词：阅读难在作者省略了很多句子之间的转折
词，所以同学常常会一段读好几次才懂。当你在阅读时，能够自动在每句话
中间加入转折词，代表你可以很快读懂句子之间的关联性，阅读速度就变快
了。
请你练习在每句话中间放入转折词。
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages
tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in
resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks
the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then
resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is
the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can
change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
我会这样看：
But that is not all that changes. That is, During all phases of
sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed.
First, It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep
because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and
changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing.
Second, Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open
when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep,
especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid
eye movement). That is, Without this muscular action, inhaling is
like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to
collapse. Also(已经有转折词了，就不用另外加) there is a regular
cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose.
For example, If something blocks the "good" side, such as
congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases
dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the
complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route
of airflow from nose to mouth.
加入了转折词后，我便能够清楚知道作者举出了四个变化：
more effort to breathe, muscles relaxed, change in resistance,
loss of interaction。
但是除非对方考你detail题或是EXCEPT题，才要回来看这些变化，否则都视
为细节，不记。整段我只要知道在讲several changes就可以了。
四、练习架构式笔记：同学常常会觉得每个段落要重复读，很浪费时间。其
实，只要你习惯做架构式笔记，便不会有这个问题，甚至做summary题时都
可以很顺。所谓的架构式笔记是指我只看每个段落最重要的地方—通常为第
一句话，把它简化成一个概念，写在段落旁边。这样，每当题目出在同个段
落时，你只要参考你的笔记，就能够清楚整段重点，不只不需要重复读、选
答案时更不会被无关的选项误导。
整段请你用一个概念表示，写在段落旁边。
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages
tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in
resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks
the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then
resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is
the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can
change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
我会这样看，
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages
tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in
resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks
the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then
resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is
the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can
change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
因此，我会写several changes.
以上我们在练习看句子与句子之间的关联性。请于你做的TPO阅读里面，用
每个段落练习以上这四步骤。
接着，我们来练习看段落与段落之间的关联性：
五、思考每段落之间的关联性：段落与段落的关联性很单纯，不是承接，就
是对比。假如你看到承接的字眼，如：Also, Even, etc.代表两段落为承接
—意即主题一样，态度立场也一样。如果你看到对比的字眼，如：Yet,
Despite, etc.代表两段为对比—即主题虽然一样，态度立场已改变。
假如是承接，我会用箭头表示。如果是对比，我会在比较重要的段落前打个
星号，表示他更重要。
请阅读以下两段落的关联性，思考为承接还是对比？
During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye
movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is
also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being
exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the
automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing
and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide.
Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less
responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the
blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control
that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or
reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes
and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing
control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is
an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the
blood that persists during NREM.
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages
tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in
resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks
the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then
resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is
the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can
change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
我会这样看，
During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye
movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is
also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being
exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the
automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing
and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide.
Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less
responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the
blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control
that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or
reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes
and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing
control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is
an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the
blood that persists during NREM.
But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep,
several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes
twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater
resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency
of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help
keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more
relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in
which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action,
inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages
tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in
resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks
the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then
resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is
the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can
change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
第一段在讲NREM的change。第二段在讲其他changes。通常看到but是对比，
但是这里有but not…，因此，仍然在讲other changes。两段为承接，主题
立场相同。
六、抓主旨、目的以及架构：此时，你每个段落旁都写了一个概念，也注意
到了段落间为承接或是对比，请你把你做的架构式笔记（上述第四个步骤）
当成是简短summary，读完后抓整篇文章的主旨、目的以及架构。
所谓的主旨通常是对方给你的主题。
所谓的目的为作者有什么态度立场？他为何要讲这个主题？
而架构是指整篇文章有哪些段落比较重要？可以帮你预测summary题的正确
答案。
我们以这份架构式笔记试试看，读完后请自行写主旨、目的以及架构：
Breathing During Sleep
第一段：changes in breathing: most dramatic
第二段：(awake) breathing: 2 systems
第三段：(NREM) *decrease in breathing =>less air
第四段：other changes
第五段：mechanisms which cease functioning
第六段：(REM) changes
看完后，我会这样记：
主旨：breathing during sleep
目的：explain factors which influence breathing during sleep
架构：cause-and-effect
在观察架构时，我发现三、四、五、六段都在讲asleep发生的变化，因此，
我会认为这几段比较重要，同时，我会预期summary题里面一定要有NREM还
有REM时的变化。
七、paraphrase整篇大意：这个步骤不只能够训练你抓架构的能力，更能够
帮助你练习summarize的能力。当你在国外念书，每堂课都会运用到这个能
力，对你学业成绩以及日常生活是相当关键的。请你就第六个步骤写出来的
主旨、目的以及架构，写成50字左右的summary。
请看示范：
Basically, the author believes that changes in respiratory control
are often the most dramatic. First, he analyzes the changes in
breathing which occur when we are awake. Then, he mentions the
changes occurring in NREM, and REM. For instance, it takes much
more effort to breathe when we are asleep. Also, a lot of
mechanisms cease functioning in this period.
做个简单总结，假如你很不会抓架构，请不要怕麻烦，因为这是国外念书非
常必备的能力。每天练习这七步骤，不到两个礼拜，你会意识到自己越来越
会抓架构。
STEP 1: skim整段
STEP 2:分析整段的主旨与细节
STEP 3: 在每句话中间放入转折词
STEP 4: 练习架构式笔记
STEP 5: 思考每段落之间的关联性
STEP 6: 抓主旨、目的以及架构
STEP 7: paraphrase整篇大意
当然，内化抓架构的能力不外乎是大量阅读。所谓的大量阅读，不是要你每
天看八小时的原文书，而是培养每天阅读英文的习惯。当你每天习惯用以上
方式阅读一篇700-1000字的英文文章，自然会越来越会抓架构。等你觉得自
己能够内化上述七步骤，离阅读满分就不远囉！更重要的是，你会具备出国
唸书的阅读基本功力。
如果你发现你不会scan,不会skim的话，推荐你两本书，
第一本教你如何抓S.V.O.，只读整句话最重要的部分。第二本教你如何
skim。
黄玟君的观念英文阅读──从看懂句子开始
黄玟君的观念英文阅读 2：如何快速看懂文章
当你做完这两本书里面的题目时，离能够自由运用scan, skim的境界就更接
近囉！
同时，想要了解如何于托福中运用scan, skim，也可以看以下这两篇文章，
阅读满分的关键祕密 Part 1：学会Scan
http://sk2toefl.blogspot.tw/2013/04/part-1.html
阅读满分的关键祕密 Part 2：学会Skim
http://sk2toefl.blogspot.tw/2013/07/part-2skim.html
只要熟悉练习方法以及考试题型，阅读其实是很好拿分的一科，
能够自由运用scan, skim以及内化抓架构的能力，要拿到28以上，甚至是30
分，是相对容易的喔！
祝同学都能够取得阅读高分喔！;D
Cheers,
SK2 Rosa ^ _____ ^
还是不太会抓架构吗？
欢迎同学免费进班学习如何抓架构，
阅读课（如何做架构式笔记、如何scan） :（内容相同，唯时间不同）
1/8（五）19:00-20:30
1/10（日）9:30-11:00
此外，因为有不少同学希望参加听力以及写作的讲座，
因此，也开放有兴趣的同学免费进班听下列课程。
听力课（如何抓听力考点以及记笔记)：（内容相同，唯时间不同）
1/9（六）9:30-11:00
写作课（如何发展wordbank、如何审题想点）：
1/9（六）19:00-20:30
有兴趣的同学，请寄信至toeflconsultant@gmail.com报名。
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内容请附上中英文姓名。