How Efficient Is a Post-up Play?
背框战术有效率吗？
(部落格版：http://mola79321.pixnet.net/blog/post/343816526)
Earlier this week, Grantland ran a Q&A between Zach Lowe and Boston Celtics
head coach Brad Stevens. Among the fun tidbits of basketball knowledge
sprinkled throughout this was an interesting conversation about post play.
前几天，Grantland做一个问与答专栏，主角是作家Zach Lowe和波士顿塞尔迪克
总教练Brad Stevens。在这些有趣的篮球知识问答中，有一段关于背框战术的问
答相当引人注目。
Here is the short exchange:
以下撷取自他们对话：
Q: Analytics folks say the post-up, or at least a post-up shot, is a
low-efficiency play. But there's a way to reconcile that, right?
问：数据派表示背框战术，或说至少背框出手，是属于低效率的进攻。但，有办
法去使背框战术有效率，对吧？
A: There are two ways to get inside-out: driving or posting.
答：有两个方法可以由内往外分球，就是切入或背框。
Q: In other words: The post-up is more a vehicle for passing and other shots,
rather than necessarily for a post-up shot itself?
问：换句话说，背框战术算是为了传球然后获得其他出手选择的手段，而不是一定
要背框单打，对吗？
A: It's a vehicle for playing inside-out. That's right.
答：没错。这是个由内往外分球进攻的手段。
That back-and-forth inspired an interesting question: Is a post-up — one of
the most common ways to score across all levels of basketball — really an
inefficient play?
这段问答引发一个有趣的问题。任何篮球场上都看得到的战术－背框进攻，真的是
没效率的战术吗？
the play itself. A strict back-to-the-basket (though a player can face up
from that position) post-up usually occurs anywhere from the block to
mid-post on either side of the floor. The result of most of these situations,
on the NBA level at least, are jump hooks or turnaround jumpers. So despite
the image you might have in your head of a player going to work deep in the
paint, right near the basket, the actual shot results are typically short to
midrange 2s anywhere from roughly four to 12 feet from the hoop. As the
analytics movement has told us, shots from those locations produce a worse
points-per-possession outcome than the three key scoring areas on the floor:
at the rim, behind the 3-point line, and at the free throw line.
为了能回答这个问题，我们必须先去对背框战术做些基本的分析。一个严谨的背
框战术通常发生在篮框两侧的低位和腰位区域（虽然一个球员也可以在那个位置
转为面框进攻）。多数这些进攻都会以勾射或是转身跳投作结，至少在NBA这个层
级是如此。尽管你脑中的画面是用力打进禁区，在篮框附近攻击，但实际的的结
果是典型的中短距离两分球，约莫在4到12呎的区域内出手。从数据分析可得知，
这些区域的每回合进攻效率是比起三个主要的得分区域来的差。这三个区域分别
是：篮下出手、三分出手，和罚球。
That isn’t to say that post-ups can’t ever generate any of those efficient
looks. There are certain things that can be trained into a player’s game —
the use of fakes with the ball to draw fouls, counters such as spins and
step-throughs to get shots at the rim — to produce the type of results
empirical data has shown to be the most productive. The problem is, even with
the right approach, it’s impossible to expect any player to consistently get
to the line or to the rim off a post-up.
并不是说背框进攻无法获得上述那些有效率的出手。球员可以训练某些技巧，来
获得数据上较为有效率的出手机会。像是假动作赚犯规、利用转身或是低位脚步
取得篮框附近的出手机会。问题在于，即使方法正确，也不可能去期待任何球员
持续的在背框进攻时赚到罚球机会或是打到篮下出手。
In a way, post attacks in the NBA are really something of a paradox. On one
hand, a player posting up has to possess enough skill (or have a big enough
strength/height advantage) over an opponent to convert short- to medium-range
shots, while occasionally creating opportunities at the rim or drawing fouls.
Without this, using a post-up like a “vehicle” for better shots, like
Stevens states above, becomes much more difficult. Smart defenses will simply
force nonthreatening players to try to score in one-on-one matchups. The
tricky part comes when a player proves capable of doing so. At that point, it
becomes using the threat of his scoring — and not the scoring itself — to
produce efficient looks.
某方面来说，NBA的背框进攻是件自相矛盾的事。一方面，一位背框进攻选手需要
有足够的技巧（或是有足够的力量及身高优势）才能在防守者面前获得中短距离出
手机会得分，并从中创造篮下出手或上罚球线的机会。如果没有上述的能力，要像
Stevens所说的利用背框当作获得更好出手机会的手段，变得更为困难。聪明的防
守就单纯迫使一位没有背框威胁力的球员尝试一对一出手。而当球员证明自己有能
力背框单打得分时，这件事就变得有些微妙。此时，战术变成利用球员的背框得分
威胁来制造有效率的出手机会，而不是背框进攻本身。
Last season’s Knicks, the 2011 Mavericks, and the Stan Van Gundy era Magic
subscribed to this philosophy. Those teams used great individual threats —
Carmelo Anthony, Dirk Nowitzki, and Dwight Howard, respectively — to create
as many efficient looks as possible (primarily 3s in the case of the Knicks
and Magic). To counter this, some coaches around the league are warming to
the idea of a strict “no double-teams” policy in their defensive
philosophy, a major change from even the recent past, when nearly every
player with even a middling reputation as a post scorer was met with endless
waves of double-teams. The idea for those Magic, Mavs, and Knicks teams, as
Stevens was suggesting to Lowe, wasn’t only to get the best out of Howard,
Nowitzki and Anthony, but to allow their individual brilliance to create
openings for either uncontested 3s or clear driving/cutting gaps to the rim
that allow for layups and fouls.
去年的尼克队、2011年的小牛队，以及Stan Van Gundy时期的魔术队，这三支球
队的进攻便包含此篮球哲学。这三支球队利用顶尖的个人单打威胁，分别是Carmelo
Anthony、Dirk Nowitzki和Dwight Howard，来创造大量的高效率出手机会（以尼
克和魔术的例子来说，这些出手主要是三分球）。为了对付这种进攻，“绝对不
要包夹”的概念渐渐在联盟里某些教练的防守哲学中发酵。这让一直以来的防守
策略有了相当大的改变。在过往即使是普通的背框得分手，也会遇到无限的包夹
地狱。如同Stevens像Lowe暗示的内容，那些像魔术队、小牛队或是尼克队等球队
的进攻概念，不只是要让Howard、Nowitzki和Anthony等球员有最佳得分机会，而
是藉著这些球员强大的个人能力，创造出队友三分的空档，或是能上篮或赚犯规
的切入和空切缝隙。
But as we’ve seen with Anthony, a player hell-bent on finishing for himself
off a post-up (or isolation) can drag down an entire offense, even if he’s
converting a high percentage of his own shots. Anthony is brilliant when it
comes to creating clean looks for himself, and that prompts double-teams or
shifts from an opposing defense. The problem is that Anthony falls into the
trap of not using those double-teams to create better looks for his teammates
nearly as often as he could.
但我们也看到Anthony这位在背框（或拉开单打）时，想要自己出手的球员，是可
以将球队的进攻体系拖垮的。即使他自己单打的的命中率很高。当Anthony能让自
己有好的出手机会，而对手为他作出即时的包夹或改变防守策略时，他是出色的
球员。问题在于Anthony不尽量利用那些包夹制造队友更好的出手机会时，便掉入
对手的陷阱。
On the other hand, there are players like Washington’s Nene. The Brazilian
big man ranks in only the 61st percentile converting chances against single
coverage in the post, according to the Synergy Sports database. Because he’s
not on the same level as Anthony when it comes to putting pressure on a
defense, Nene, a willing and skilled passer, produces middling results when
moving the ball out of a post-up — he ranks only in the 58th percentile on
passes from the post to spot-up shooters.
另一方面，有些球员，像巫师队的Nene。根据Synergy Sports的数据，这位巴西
来的大个子在一对一背框单打时，得分百分等第只排在61。因为在面对防守压力
时，他和Anthony的等级差很多。所以Nene这位传球技巧虽好，也愿意传球的球员
，把球从背框单打传出去的得分率却也普普。他在背框情形下将球传给定点射手
的得分百分等第只排在58。
It’s with players like Nene where the inefficiency of post-ups starts coming
to light. Despite ranking worse in the latter category, those passes out to
shooters produce a PPP (points per possession) rate of 1.143. In comparison,
Nowitzki ranks sixth in the league (minimum of 25 attempts) with a PPP of
1.137, according to the Synergy Sports database. That means Nene, despite a
middling effectiveness as a post player, creates better offense simply by
passing out of a post-up than the future Hall of Famer does by taking a shot.
而正是Nene这种球员让没效率的背框进攻看到一丝曙光。尽管在传球部份的排名
不佳，那些传给定点射手球的PPP（每回合进攻的得分）是1.143。以Nowitzki作
为比较，根据Synergy Sports的数据，他的背框进攻PPP是1.137，排名联盟第六
（出手至少25次者）。意思是，尽管Nene的背框进攻效率普通，单单在背框时把
球传出去，就创造出比未来名人堂球员Nowizki还好的进攻效率。
This isn’t a universal trend. Not every player is substantially better at
passing out of the post rather than scoring for themselves. But the trend
generally does suggest that the most efficient play out of a post-up is a
shot by someone other than the player posting up.
这并不是个潮流。不是每位球员的传球效率都比自己得分来的高。但这个趋势大
致上代表着最有效率的背框进攻方式是由背框球员以外的人出手。
So the answer to the question above is both “yes” and “no.” A post-up,
for the vast majority of players, is generally an inefficient way to score.
Yet by finding players who excel in such an uneconomical action, NBA teams
are presented with the opportunity to unlock opposing defenses and extract
the efficient shots they crave.
所以一开始问题的答案既是“是”也是“不是”。对大多数的球员来说，背框不
是一个有效的得分方式。不过，藉著某些球员精通这种没效率的低位进攻，球队
让自己有机会破解对方防守，并从中获得人人渴望的高效率出手机会。
原文网址－
http://tinyurl.com/k9fpw78
心得：
其实是一阵子的文章了
只是翻完一直忘了放上来XD
这个议题非常有趣
因为现今篮球比较少看到把球掉进低位一对一的状况
规则、战术，或是会打低位的球员变少了....
不管哪种原因，在数据效率分析上，低位单打出手的效率的确偏低
但是不管看哪队比赛，各个球队的战术还是离不开低位进攻
而我想这篇文算是将原因表达的非常清楚
我想不只文章所说的三位球员
和Dirk一样的老人TD，他的低位破坏力在去年季后赛有目共睹
输给小牛后的LBJ也特地加强这块，在这两年季后赛也展现出低位的效果
而今年和小牛队进攻类似的拓荒者
也是有Aldridge这个低位进攻武器，才能让战术执行更顺畅
溜马队的West在球队进攻不顺畅时，也能适时的用低位进攻帮助球队运转进攻
如果没有优秀的低位单打能力
就不能吸引包夹，也无法执行一系列的战术
空切没有效果、三分没有空档...
所以我认为，对一支想要争冠的球队来说
一位强力的低位好手是不可或缺的