各位好，（鲁妹不才在国外读书，不是故意文章要夹杂英文） 教授教了equality, efficiency (不要问我他干嘛不教equity...) 虽说名词解释了但我还是不太懂要怎么分辨， 因为我在非英文系国家读书但学校英文授课，我们母语都非英语，所以有时我也怀疑我是否误会教授意思（他的叙述） 因此上来请教各位前辈.... 教授定义： 1. Efficiency: the society gets the maximum benefits from its scarce resources, 我自己找到定义：the optimal production and allocation of resources given existing factors of production. 2. equality: the benefits are distributed uniformly among the member of the society. 问题：explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equality or a concern about efficiency. In the case of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure 1.regulating water fee 我觉得两者皆有，equality是因为使用者付费；efficiency因为碍于水费，大家会节制用水限度，所以没被用到的水可以分给更多人使用 2.providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to by food 只有equality,所以穷人可以如其他人一样得到食物 3.prohibiting smoking in public places 两者皆有，吸烟造成许多无形社会成本（健保支出），课税增进equality不然没抽的人要帮负担健保费用不公平；而政府因为课税增加税收可再分配资源（efficiency) 4.breaking up the telephone monopoly into several smaller companies 只有equality，所以民众有选择其他家的自由、有选择权 5.imposing higher personal income tax rates on people with higher incomes 两者皆有，理由类似问题3 6.instituting laws against driving while intoxicated 两者皆有，酒驾导致家破人亡，政府制定法律降低酒驾；民众得以安心驾驶享受到用路公平 我承认我实在搞不懂有些题目跟efficiency, equality到底哪里沾上边？！再来是回答这些题目时是否要站在政府&百姓角度思考会有不同答案？请高手指证我的回答，我知道我的答案有错，但我当局者迷啊...谢谢！