http://blog.worldofwarships.eu/paper-ships/
Paper ships, aka "how stronk WG design bureau is".
As we have previously mentioned, World of Warships features many so-called “
paper ships” — ships that were never built, existing only as plans and
sketches. A lot of these exotic projects lend variety to the game’s design
processes, and also help sustain balance in the nations’ tech trees. Among
them is the USS Montana — the only American battleship capable of offering a
challenge to the well-known Yamato. Though in reality this steel giant was
never constructed, in World of Warships these two rivals will be able to meet
and fight for the first time!
之前有提过，WOWS会有很多图纸船──也就是只存在于设计案和草图上，没有实际建造
的舰艇。这些特别的计画让游戏开发进度增添许多变化，也对各国科技树间的平衡助益
良多。譬如唯一足以挑战大和的美军战舰──蒙大拿，即使在现实中她从未开工建造*，
但是WOWS让这两艘舰艇有了第一次对战的机会。
*目前一般是认为Iowa已经可以和大和打平手了。另外用Montana命名的战舰有两艘，分别
是South Dakota级的三号舰(BB-51)和Montana级一号舰(BB-67)，第一艘才盖了四分之一
就因为华盛顿条约解体，第二艘则完全没动工。
First Steps
Today we’re going to talk about the difficulties of bringing paper ships to
life. In order to create a model that looks authentic, the artists and game
designers need more than just one sketch — theoretical drawings, plans of
the decks and platforms, armament schemes, the general arrangement of
machines, cellars, ship mechanisms, devices and equipment — are all
necessary. In fact, poring over all the available material is the first and
most labour-intensive part of designing a paper ship. We put ourselves in the
shoes of the original designers and consider the characteristics that were
introduced in the construction of these ships: how did engineering develop
during that time? What vessels came before the paper ship? What kinds of
materials were used and what technologies were applied? Using all available
information, we design the layouts of the modules, including the power plant,
armament, armor, artillery cellar, hangars with aircraft catapults, boats and
much more.
我们今天会谈把图纸船做起来的难处。为了创造拟真模型，设计师和美术师需要的不仅
止于一张草图──理论性图示、舱间甲板配置图、武备配置、主机配置、船舱图、
舰艇工作图解、仪器设备都需要派上用场。事实上，挖出所有可用的资讯是设计图纸船的
第一步，也是最费人力的工作阶段。
我们会以原始设计者的角度思考，并且考虑这些船建造时的特性──当时的工程技术发展
到哪里？之前设计了哪些舰艇？运用的材料与科技为何？透过所有的资讯，我们设计
出各部位的配置，包含动力、武备、装甲、砲座、水上机库、弹射器、救生艇和更多东
西。
Along with this, the mass load is determined. Mass load is the combined
weight of all the parts that comprise the vessel. A ship structure consists
of a fixed and variable weight: fixed weight is the weight of the hull,
weapons, armor, machinery, electrical equipment, and other necessary devices
— the variable weight includes fuel, ammunition, crew, and other freight.
基于上述的设定来推定负载量，也就是组成一艘船所有部位的重量总和。船体会有两个
重量，固定重和可变重，固定重量*包含船体本身、武器、装甲、轮机、电力和其他必需
零件的重量；可变重量包含燃料、弹药、组员**和其他装载物。
*大致等于空载排水量，后文的可变重量可以指公试、标准、满载排水量，看带了多少东西
**组员一般包含粮食、水和其他生活用品的重量。
At each stage of layout, the overall displacement of the ship is checked, as
well as its margin of stability. After all, if all the stuff on a ship weighs
too much, then you may have to sacrifice armor, or install a smaller power
plant. If most of the important modules simply cannot fit into the body — or
on the contrary, there’s lots of free space — you have to go back to
modifying the dimensions of the ship’s body, increasing or decreasing its
length, width, draft and height.
每个配置图都会检查总排水量以及稳定性。不论如何，只要船上的所有东西加起来超重，
那就要牺牲一些装甲，或者是换一组出力比较弱的主机。如果重要部件塞不进船体，又
或者是反过来──船体内还有一堆多余空间，那就要回头调整船体尺寸，在全长、舷幅
、吃水深和高度上做增减。
Thus, by using a method of successive approximations, a balanced ship is
created. It’s no exaggeration to say that the techniques used to design
paper ships are exactly the same as the process for real ships.
The Design Process
准此，一艘平衡的船借由一连串的连续估算诞生。我们用的方式和设计真实世界的船
是一样的，这不是唬烂。
Though the techniques used to design a paper ship are well established, we
can encounter many pitfalls during the process. For example, someone may
bring up a lack of engine power. In order to ensure the ship in question can
raise enough speed for its class, we must choose a power plant capable of
supplying the necessary power. To do this, you need to explore all the
available information on propulsion systems that were installed similar
ships, taking into consideration all those that could have existed during the
selected period of history. As an example, let’s have a look at project
G-15, the Japanese Super Taiho, which was the successor to the Taiho, the
most advanced aircraft carrier of the Imperial Navy.
即使用于设计图纸船的技术设计得很好，我们在过程中仍然会遇到许多困境。例如，
轮机出力可能不够。为了让图纸船能达到舰种所需的速度，我们必须找到出力足够的引擎
。为了达成这个目标，必须翻遍装在类似舰艇上的每一种推进系统，同时考虑在指定年份
有哪几种可以用。以下是举例，来看一下G-15，也就是改大凤案，日本帝国海军最先进的
航舰设计。
http://blog.worldofwarships.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/09/1-3.jpg
(九八式高砲不意外，两个高砲群之间是满满的九六式高射机枪吗...)
According to all the sketches and drawings, the air group of project G-15
included more than a hundred aircraft. However, after we did our own
calculations, we concluded that the total number simply could not fit inside
the ship as we were planning it — we would have had to significantly
increase the size of the housing, which in turn would affect the speed and
seaworthiness of the ship. So, if we wanted the carrier to develop the
desired speed, we would have to increase the required number of propellers up
to six (which would “inflate” the size of the ship), or alternatively, look
for a new power plant with more power per shaft.
参考所有的草案和设计图，改大凤搭载的航空兵力会包含超过百架舰载机。但是我们计算
之后发现这么多舰载机没办法塞进给定的机库中，而必须大幅度增加机库容量，但这么做
会影响航速和适航性。准此，如果我们希望这艘航舰还能达到期望的航速，就必须
改为六轴推进(会让船的体积膨胀)，或者是找出某种出力更高的主机让每一根推进轴能分
配到更多的动力。
(靠，我还真的没听过有船是六轴的...)
We solved the problem with the help of historical consultants who found
material that Japanese engineers had tried to use to develop a new kind of
power plant. But, due to the lack of resources coupled with a difficult
economic situation during the war, the power plant never saw final
production. Fortunately, we don’t have that problem! The new power plant fit
the body like a glove, enlarged slightly to accommodate the hangars, and
could attain 240,000 horsepower, which radically changed the situation.
靠着历史专家的帮助，我们找到了日本工程师原先打算开发的新推进系统，解决了这个
问题。这套推进系统因为战争期间缺乏资源而没有进入最终生产阶段，还好我们不必担心
这个问题！新的主机刚好适合(为了增加机库容量而略为放大的)舰体大小，可以输出24万
马力，完全改变了整个状况。
(这什么火星轮机...)
Schematic of aircraft hangar layouts in Taiho
http://blog.worldofwarships.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/09/WoWs_picture
_1.jpg
原本的大凤，24架烈风+25架流星。
Schematic of aircraft hangar layouts in Super Taiho
http://blog.worldofwarships.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/09/WoWs_picture
_2.jpg
改大凤的机库，by WG设计局，40架烈风+60架流星。
A7M=烈风，B7A=流星，B7A3是换装新型发动机的改型。
The Three Lexingtons
三艘列星顿...
Another difficulty in designing paper ships is incorporating external
limitations that must also be taken into account. For example, when you are
expanding the ship’s body, you cannot ignore the size of the docks; indeed,
all American ships were built with the Panama Canal in mind.
设计图纸船的另一个难题是把外在限制加入计算中。举例来说，放大船体时必须考量
船坞的大小；而事实上所有美国舰艇都有考虑到巴拿马运河限制*。
*还是有例外，蒙大拿设计时就决定无视巴拿马运河限制，因此舷幅达到121呎，超过
运河的110呎限制。
One of the most interesting representatives of aircraft carriers was the
Lexington class; a series of heavy aircraft carriers from the United States
Navy during the 1920s. According to the results of the Washington Treaty in
1922, leading countries such as Japan, USA, Britain, France and Italy imposed
restrictions on the construction of new linear and capital ships, the
displacement of which exceeds 35,000 tons.
航舰中最有趣的代表之一是美国海军在1920年代建造的重型航舰──列星顿级。依照华
盛顿条约，缔约国(英美日法义)限制了对主力舰(35000吨以上)的建造与更新。
As a result, unfinished ships had to be disassembled, including six battle
cruisers of the Lexington class. As it was provided in the contract,
displacement of carriers was limited by 27,000 tons, “except for two
aircraft carriers, which can have a displacement up to 33,000 tons, and for
the construction body of battleships and battle cruisers can be used, which
upon contract were to be disassembled.” As a result, two unfinished cruisers
of the same type were completed in five years.
缔约带来的结果是航舰的排水量不得超过27000吨，未完成的战舰则必须解体，包含六艘
列星顿级战斗巡洋舰在内。但于基于条约的特殊条款，美日两国“可运用原定要解体的战
舰或战斗巡洋舰舰体改造为航空母舰，排水量不得超过33000吨，并以两艘为限。”，
两艘未完成的同级战巡在五年后完成了改装。
Eventually, the project turned out pretty ambiguous. On one hand, new ships
had good anti-torpedo protection, large cellars for air-bombs, and powerful
lifts for aircraft. On the other hand, the aircraft carrier was a half-knot
slower than if it was built from scratch. Its hangars and fuel tanks were
significantly smaller and the runway lacked width due to the shape of the
body. In addition, the transformation from cruisers didn’t cost any less
than building a completely new aircraft.
这个改装计画有点毁誉参半。新的航舰有良好的防鱼雷能力、宽敞的航空炸弹弹药舱
以及强大的升空能力*。但另一方面，新航舰的速度比原定少了半节、机库和油舱的容量
不够大，航空甲板受到舰型的限制而不够宽。另外改造成航舰的成本和盖新的也相差无
几。
*不确定原文的意思，指够长的飞行甲板让舰载机有足够的起飞跑道？
另外这些“问题”根本是鸡蛋里挑骨头，少半节还是有他妈的33节，以那个年代来讲
Lexington基本就是完美的大型航舰。此外机库容量对航舰作战性能的影响没那么绝对，
升降机数量和飞行甲板面积更重要。
Our task was to design a third, unproduced aircraft carrier of the Lexington
class. According to the plan, it had to be based on an unfit-to-launch
cruiser of the same class. That was the CL-4 Ranger, the sixth in a series of
unfinished cruisers, which in our game will bear the flag of the United
States.
我们的任务就是设(ㄐㄧㄚˋ)计(ㄎㄨㄥ)一艘未建造的列星顿级三号舰，基于原本的方案
是要以没下水的同级舰为蓝本改装，也就是CC-4游骑兵*。
*原文打错了，CL-4是Omaha级，列星顿级的舰号是CC开头。另外后面也有错，依照我查
到的资讯六艘列星顿的舰号和舰名如下：
CC-1 列星顿 Lexington
CC-2 星座 Constellation
CC-3 萨拉托加 Saratoga
CC-4 游骑兵 Ranger
CC-5 宪法 Constitution
CC-6 合众国 United States
This decision allowed us to expand the body, keeping the same length as in
original Lexington. In this case, we took into account all the external
factors, such as limiting the width of the Panama Canal and a loss of speed
due to increased water resistance. We have managed to place an enlarged
hangar, expanded flight deck, and change the location of the guns.
这个决定让我们得以拓宽舰体，保持原本的舰体长度。另外我们也计算了所有外在因素，
例如说巴拿马运河限制舰体宽，以及更宽的舰体增加的阻力。我们放了更大的机库、加大
飞行甲板，也更动了主砲的位置。
As on Lexington and Saratoga, cellars were placed far enough away from the
guns to make it quite difficult to supply ammunition and gunpowder to them.
In our design, the cellars are located directly under the guns. Another major
change was a new layout for engine and boiler rooms. We even managed to fix a
number of layout problems in the original Lexington by redistributing the
load mass.
在列星顿和萨拉托加上，弹药库和主砲离的很远，让运送砲弹和发射药变的很困难。
在WG设计局的方案中，弹药库在主砲正下方而已。另外我们重新设计了锅炉和主机的布局
还成功的借由重新分配舰体配重解决了原本列星顿上存在的一些布局问题。
(啊不就好棒棒...)
The main difficulty in designing “paper ships” is that we need to re-create
the most authentic, viable ship based only on publicly available sketches and
on previously unexplored historical materials. Often on these projects, the
internal arrangement of major vehicle modules was not taken into account,
such as engine and boiler rooms, or the cellars. When we encounter that, we
have to carefully review and, in fact, re-design the interior layout of the
ship.
设计图纸船的主要困难在于：我们必须基于公开资讯和挖到的历史资料，重新创造最为拟
真的船舰。在这些图纸船上，原本的内部配置（锅炉、主机、弹药库等等）一般不纳入考
虑，当我们拿到相关资料的时候，必须仔细的审视并且重新设计整艘船的内部配置。
（WG Design bureau is of very stronk.）
When working on the Japanese cruiser Tengu (1941), placing the power plant
was necessary to change the location of the gun turrets in the extremities of
the hull. In order to provide heavy extremities with buoyancy we gave it a
bit more of a complete form. In addition, the cruiser had to have triple-gun
turrets, which in reality weren’t built. Unfortunately, their drawings and
sketches were never found, and because of that, we had to design them based
on other Japanese turrets of the same period.
设计日本1941年的天狗级巡洋舰*时，安装轮机必须更动主砲的配置方式，把砲改装到
最靠近船艏/艉的位置。为了在这个配置下提供足够浮力，我们又给了比较完整的配置*
此外这艘巡洋舰必须安装实际上没设计出来的三联装砲塔。很不幸的是真正的设计图
找不到，因此我们必须参照其他同时期的日本砲塔重新设计。
*无责任推测这是丸五计画的甲巡案。北海道是有座天狗山没错啦，但是IJN的舰艇很少
是以北海道的山川命名的。
确认了一下，只有一艘夕张是以北海道的夕张川命名，而且那个缺原本是要叫做绫濑的。
*这段我有看没有懂...
After receiving all the necessary calculations and layouts from the technical
department, the artists and game designers start putting together this
magnificent puzzle. Through a set of drawings, diagrams, plans, and possibly
photos, little by little they re-create the look of a steel giant which
otherwise never got a chance to see the water.
从技术部门接收到所有必需的计算和布局之后，美术部门和设计部门开始把这个壮大的
拼图拼起来。经过一系列图纸、图示、计画和照片，他们一步一步的建造起从未下水的
钢铁巨舰全貌。