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https://www.rbth.com/history/334292-how-did-mongolia-contribute-ussr
How did Mongolia contribute to the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany?
HISTORYOCT 13 2021BORIS EGOROV
Russia Beyond (Photo: Legion Media)
蒙古对苏联战胜纳粹德国有何贡献？
历史2021 年 10 月 13 日鲍里斯·叶戈罗夫
超越俄罗斯（照片：Legion Media）
One in five horses in the Red Army came from Mongolia and one in five
overcoats used by Soviet soldiers were made of Mongolian wool.
红军中有五分之一的马匹来自蒙古，苏联士兵使用的大衣有五分之一是用蒙古羊毛制成的
。
Mongolia was one of the staunchest allies of the Soviet Union in the first
half of the 20th century. The two countries jointly opposed the Japanese
invasion of the People’s Republic in 1939. When, on June 22, 1941, the USSR
was invaded by German troops, the Mongols didn't stand idly by.
蒙古是20世纪上半叶苏联最坚定的盟友之一。1939年两国共同反对日本侵略蒙古人民共和
国。1941年6月22日，苏联被德军入侵，蒙古人没有袖手旁观。
The Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939.
Sovfoto/Getty Images
The war in Europe, unfolding so far away from Mongolia, suddenly became its
war. And, in some respects, the assistance that this sparsely populated and
poor country rendered to the USSR was on a par with the aid provided by the
United States under the Lend-Lease program.
远离蒙古的欧洲战争突然变成了它的战争。甚至在某些方面，这个人口稀少和贫穷的国
家向苏联提供的援助与美国在租借计划下提供的援助相当。
‘Gift from the Mongolian people'
The Mongolian leadership knew that it was not in a position to send its
troops to the West: Japan still posed a tangible threat and the country was
not able to form a significant contingent of expeditionary forces anyway.
That is why the republic intended to focus its efforts on providing all
possible economic assistance to its northern neighbor.
蒙古人民的礼物
蒙古领导层知道自己无法向西方派遣军队：日本仍然构成了严峻的威胁，而且该国无论如
何都无法组建一支重要的远征部队。这就是为什么蒙古打算集中精力为其北部邻国提供
一切可能的经济援助。
Public Domain
Under the slogan: “There should not be a single person in the country who
has not made a personal contribution to the Red Army aid fund”, Mongolia
launched a campaign to collect money and gifts for Red Army soldiers.
在“国家不应该有一个人没有为红军援助基金做出个人贡献”的口号下，蒙古发起了一项
为红军士兵募捐的活动。
Already in October, the first train loaded with sheepskin coats, fur vests,
warm mittens, felt boots, sweaters and belts donated by Mongolian citizens
left for the Soviet Union. The next echelon, which was dispatched in February
1942, also contained food products: meat, sausages, butter and confectionery.
Trains with aid were dispatched to the USSR till early 1945.
早在10月，满载蒙古公民捐赠的羊皮大衣、毛皮背心、保暖手套、毡靴、毛衣和皮带的第
一列火车启程前往苏联。下一个梯队于 1942 年 2 月派遣，也包含食品：肉类、香肠、
黄油和糖果。直到 1945 年初，后勤用的专列火车才被开往苏联。
Engaelyn Badam.
Archive photo
One of the most generous donors was nomadic cattle breeder Engaelyn Badam. On
behalf of her family, she donated in aid 16 camels, 93 horses, 1,600 sheep,
as well as a sum of 10,000 tugriks, enough to buy 12,500 more sheep.
最慷慨的捐助者之一是游牧养牛人恩盖林·巴达姆。她代表家人捐赠了16头骆驼、93匹马
、1600只羊，还有1万图格里克(蒙古货币)，足以再买12500只羊。
Strategic materials
In addition to donations, Mongolia carried out large deliveries of meat,
wool, sheepskin and horses to the USSR on a regular basis at nominal prices.
In return, Moscow supplied Mongolia with industrial and food products that
the Asian country needed and offset Mongolian debts to the Soviet Union.
战略物资
除了捐赠外，蒙古还定期以低于市价的价格向苏联大量运送肉类、羊毛、羊皮和马匹。
作为回报，莫斯科向蒙古提供了亚洲国家需要的工业和食品，并抵消了蒙古对苏联的
债务。
Public Domain
Throughout the war, Mongolia provided its northern ally with some 500,000
tons of meat (to compare, the USA supplied the USSR with 665,000 tons of
canned meat) and 64,000 tons of wool (the USA sent 54,000 tons). One in five
overcoats used by Red Army soldiers were made of Mongolian wool.
在整个战争期间，蒙古为其北方盟友提供了约 50 万吨肉类（相比之下，美国向苏联提供
了 66.5 万吨罐头肉）和 6.4 万吨羊毛（美国提供了 5.4 万吨）。红军士兵使用的大衣
有五分之一是用蒙古羊毛制成的。
In effect, the Mongolian People’s Republic was the sole supplier of
sheepskin for the USSR. The material was used to make winter coats for Red
Army commanders.
实际上，蒙古人民共和国是苏联羊皮的唯一供应商。这种材料被用来制作红军指挥官的冬
衣。
Public Domain
Another crucial area in which Mongolian aid to the USSR was key were horses.
In the initial period of the war alone, the Soviet Union lost almost half of
its livestock: by September 1942, out of 17.5 million horses, only nine
million remained.
蒙古援助苏联的另一个关键领域是马匹。仅在战争初期，苏联就损失了几乎一半的牲畜：
到 1942 年 9 月，在 1750 万匹马中，只剩下 900 万匹。
Throughout the war, the Mongolian state bought almost 485,000 horses from its
cattle breeders to be supplied to the Soviet Union, with a further 32,000
horses donated by herdsmen.
在整个战争期间，蒙古国从畜牧场购买了近 485,000 匹马供应给苏联，另外还有
32,000 匹马由牧民捐赠。
The low-maintenance and hardy animals proved very good at adapting to the
harsh conditions of the Eastern Front and were of vital help to the Soviet
troops in transporting goods and pieces of artillery until the shortage of
trucks was resolved. One in five horses used on the Soviet front came from
Mongolia.
事实证明，这些维护成本低且耐寒的动物非常擅长适应战线的恶劣条件，并且在解决卡车
短缺问题之前为苏联军队运输货物和大砲提供了至关重要的帮助。苏联前线使用的马有五
分之一来自蒙古。
Public Domain
“The horses had excellent marching qualities,” Soviet general Issa Pliev
recalled. “The short Mongolian horse has a strong build and short strong
legs with small strong hooves. It is capable of covering a distance of 100
kilometers in a day for several days in a row... Thus, the hardy and
low-maintenance Mongol horse reached Berlin together with Soviet tanks.”
“这些马匹具有出色的行进品质，”苏联将军 Issa Pliev回忆道。“蒙古矮马体格健壮
，腿短而结实，蹄子小而有力。它能够连续几天在一天内行驶100公里的距离……因此，
这匹耐寒且维护成本低的蒙古马与苏联坦克一起到达了柏林。”
Tanks, aircraft and volunteers
On January 16, 1942, the leadership of the Mongolian People’s Republic
decided to start collecting funds to manufacture a tank column to donate to
the Red Army. A year later, a Mongolian delegation led by the country’s
leader, Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan, presented the Soviet 112th Tank
Brigade with 32 T-34 tanks and 21 T-70 light tanks made with the collected
money.
坦克、飞机和志愿者
1942年1月16日，蒙古人民共和国领导层决定开始集资制造一辆坦克纵队，捐赠给红军。
一年后，由蒙古国领导人霍尔洛·乔巴山元帅率领的蒙古代表团向苏联第112坦克旅赠送
了32辆T-34坦克和21辆T-70轻型坦克。
The 112th Brigade, which was dubbed Revolutionary Mongolia, took part in the
Battle of Kursk, where it successfully proved itself in battles against one
of the most famous formations of the Wehrmacht, the Großdeutschland (Great
Germany) Division. For their courage and heroism, the brigade’s servicemen
were awarded both Soviet and Mongolian medals.
第 112 旅被称为蒙古革命军，参加了库斯克会战，并在与德国国防军最著名的编队之一
大德意志（大德意志）师的战斗中成功证明了自己。由于他们的勇气和英雄主义，该旅的
军人被授予苏联和蒙古奖章。
Soldiers of the Red Army receive the Revolutionary Mongolia tank column.
TASS
By the summer of 1943, with funds donated by the people of Mongolia, the 2nd
Fighter Squadron, known as the Mongolian Arat Squadron, was set up. On
September 25, it was handed over to the 2nd Guards Regiment of the 322nd
Fighter Aviation Division.
1943年夏，在蒙古人民的捐助下，组建了第2战斗机中队，即蒙古阿拉特中队。9月25日，
移交给第322战斗机航空师第2近卫团。
“Finally, the long-awaited hour has come. One after another, 12 brand new
La-5 combat aircraft emerged from behind the forest, each carrying a bright
red inscription Mongolian Arat on its fuselage. Having circled over the
airfield, the aircraft taxied to a specially designated area. Shouts [of] ‘
Hurray, Mongol Arat!’, ‘Hurray, Mongolian people!’ drowned out the roar of
the engines,” wrote Lieutenant General Alexander Semyonov recalling that
day.
(电子化的俄方文件) http://militera.lib.ru/h/semenov2/02.html
“终于，期待已久的时刻到了。12架全新的La-5战机从林后陆续出现，每架都在机身上刻
有鲜红的蒙古阿拉特字样。在机场上空盘旋后，飞机滑行到一个特别指定的区域。'万岁
，蒙古阿拉特！'，'万岁，蒙古人！淹没了引擎的轰鸣声，”亚历山大·谢苗诺夫中将回
忆那天时写道。
Fighters of the Mongolian Arat Squadron.
Public Domain
The squadron took part in such important battles as Operation Bagration, as
well as in the Berlin and Prague operations. Its personnel (as well as the
personnel of the Revolutionary Mongolia Tank Brigade) were partially
maintained by the Mongolian side, which never failed to commemorate the
servicemen’s bravery with awards.
该中队参加了诸如巴格拉基昂行动以及柏林和布拉格行动等重要战役。其人员（以及革命
蒙古坦克旅的人员）部分由蒙方保留，蒙方通过嘉奖来纪念军人的英勇。
In addition, from 500 to several thousand Mongol volunteers took part in
fighting against the Germans on the Eastern Front. Red Army commanders valued
them for their excellent skills as hunters and riders, so Mongolian
volunteers mainly served in cavalry units and were successfully used as
scouts and snipers.
此外，还有 500 到数千名蒙古志愿者参加了在东线与德国人的战斗。红军指挥官看重他
们作为猎人和骑手的出色技能，因此蒙古志愿者主要在骑兵部队服役，并成功地用作侦察
员和狙击手。
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