大家好，
我是SK2的Rosa，
每次改同学的整合写作时，会觉得明明听力都听得很完整，也有整合阅读与
听力，
但是当我看见你作文里出现太多文法错误时，降低整体文章质感，真的非常
可惜啊！
当你的作文出现太多文法错时，可能会下降一个等级，本来是Good，就变成
Fair。
其实，只要你能够抓出阅读以及听力的重点，并且避免犯太多文法错误，整
合写作是非常好发挥的一个科目喔！
接着，我们来练习看看，你是否能够一眼看出以下每一题的文法错误呢？
建议你准备纸笔来做以下的练习。请先修改你认为有问题的地方，再看以下
的解释。
此外，由于我用TPO 47的整合来示范，同学也可以先自己写一次TPO 47的完
整作文，再来做以下的练习。如此一来，能够更精准看出你平常写整合时，
是否会犯以下十大最常见的文法错误。
1. Both the reading and the lecture are discussing whether Pterosaurs
were able to fly.
2. The Pterosaurs used all four legs to push into the air rather
than used only two back legs like birds. Therefore, it was
powerful for them to run fast enough to fly.
3. Nevertheless, the scholar seriously contradicts the hypothesis,
because were light.
4. As a result, the Pterosaurs' light bones allowed them flapping
wings fast enough.
5. The pterosaurs had hollow bones, which means they did not weigh
much.
6. Still, the scholar has an opposite perspective in which there
is a significant difference of the behavior of taking off between
birds and Pterosaurs.
7. The reading passage mentions that the Pterosaurs were cold-
blooded animals, they might not have had enough energy to fly.
8. Given that, the Pterosaurs might have had the ability to take
off from the ground.
9. The idea that the pterosaurs were not capable of powered flight
may not be true.
10. As the hair and fur could be used to protect them from the
cold environment and keep their body in warm temperature, the
Pterosaurs may have been more like a warm-blooded animal.
接着，请见以下的解析：
1. Both the reading and the lecture are discussing whether Pterosaurs
were able to fly.
时态不对：阅读与听力的立场可以直接用现在式表事实。不需使用进行式或
是过去式。
改成：Both the reading and the lecture discuss whether Pterosaurs
were able to fly.
小心！证据本身的时态要看事情发生在什么时候，现在还是以前，再使用适
当的时态。
2. The Pterosaurs used all four legs to push into the air rather
than used only two back legs like birds. Therefore, it was
powerful for them to run fast enough to fly.
代名词指代不清楚：it 应该是指上句的all four legs，应该用复数，而且
代名词会优先修饰平行位置的字，但是上句话平行位置的主词为the
Pterosaurs，指代对象不清楚导致句意不清楚。
白色部分应改成：Their legs were powerful enough to fly.
3. Nevertheless, the scholar seriously contradicts the hypothesis,
because were light.
Fragment：意即句意不完整，只要少了主词、动词或是主要子句，整句话的
意思不完整，就会不清楚。
最常见的fragment问题为使用And, But, So作为句首，缺乏主要子句。
此句应改成：Nevertheless, the scholar seriously contradicts the
hypothesis, because they were light.
4. As a result, the Pterosaurs’ light bones allowed them flapping
wings fast enough.
误用惯用语：同学须注意，只要用特定句型，就要确定用对。不要用自己感
觉对的句型。allow后面应接to，改成：
As a result, the Pterosaurs’ light bones allowed them to flap
wings fast enough.
5. The pterosaurs had hollow bones, which means they did not weigh
much.
Ｗhich的用法不对：which只能够修饰到上句话的受词，但是通常同学使用
SVO, whichVO的句型时，是想要表达整件事。
应改为：The pterosaurs had hollow bones, meaning that they did not
weigh much.
或是 The pterosaurs had hollow bones, so they did not weigh much.
6. Still, the scholar has an opposite perspective in which there
is a significant difference of the behavior of taking off between
birds and Pterosaurs.
修饰语太长：此句话其实没有文法错，但是写起来会变成修饰语太长，句意
不清楚。此外，尽量不要使用there is N.的句型。因为一来，句意会着重
于名词，导致句意不清楚。可以直接改成SVO。二来，同学容易滥用there
is的句型，导致整篇重复出现太多次，缺乏变化。
可改成：Still, the scholar has an opposite perspective from the
reading and contends that birds and Pterosaurs differ
significantly in taking off.
7. The reading passage mentions that the Pterosaurs were cold-
blooded animals, they might not have had enough energy to fly.
Run-on sentence: 两句话中间没有连接词。在英文里，多一个子句，就需
要多一个连接词。
改成： The reading passage mentions that the Pterosaurs were cold-
blooded animals, so they might not have had enough energy to fly.
8. Given that, the Pterosaurs might have had the ability to take
off from the ground.
This/that的用法：this/that单纯出现时，指代不到对象，句意不清楚。
可改成：Given this fact, the Pterosaurs might have had the ability
to take off from the ground.
9. The idea that the pterosaurs were not capable of powered flight
may not be true.
头重脚轻：这句话的主词太长，导致句意不清楚。此外，整句话在否定一件
负面的事情，意思太绕，读者不易理解，可直接改成：
The Pterosaurs might have been capable of powered flight.
10. As the hair and fur could be used to protect them from the
cold environment and keep their body in warm temperature, the
Pterosaurs may have been more like a warm-blooded animal.
单复数不一致：这句话除了单复数不一致之外，整句话有些太长。建议同学
一句话不要超过两个讯息。如此一来，读者会更好理解。当你一句话有超过
两件事时，可以考虑删减不必要的讯息，或是拆成两句话说。
改成： Since the Pterosaurs had hair and fur to protect them from
the cold environment, the Pterosaurs may have been more like warm-
blooded animals.
总结以上十大最常见的整合写作文法错误，红色的又为最严重的问题，请务
必小心：
一、时态不一致
二、代名词指代不清楚
三、Fragment
四、误用惯用语
五、Which的用法不对
六、修饰语太长
七、Run-on sentence
八、This/That的用法
九、头重脚轻
十、单复数不一致
请同学尽量避免在写整合时犯文法错，一定要留2-5分钟检查文法小错以及
拼字错误。
此外，同学还会常常犯一个不是文法错，但是非常严重的问题：
转折词逻辑不对，导致立场颠倒，例如：
ex1: Nevertheless, the scholar seriously contradicts the theory
that the animals were light.
此句话的that修饰theory，句意会变成scholar反驳animals were light的
理论。但是其实同学是想要表达听到的内容，因此，应该改成：
Nevertheless, the scholar seriously contradicts the theory by
stating that the animals were light.
注意！这里的by stating that不可省略。
ex2: The professor seriously argues the reading passage.
argue是主张，argue against是指反对。同学要表达的是听力反驳阅读，因
此，应改成：
The professor seriously argues against the reading passage.
祝同学都能够于练习写作时越写越顺，考试时获得28以上的高分！;D
延伸阅读：
1. 十大常见的写作文法错误
http://sk2toefl.blogspot.com/2013/08/blog-post.html
2. 我的文法很差，该怎么办？
http://sk2toefl.blogspot.com/2013/09/blog-post_30.html
Warm Regards,
SK2 Rosa ^____^
SK2 精华十堂冲刺班：https://goo.gl/HH62RL
SK2 托福免费公开课：http://sk2toefl.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_20.html
Mason GRE脸书社团： https://www.facebook.com/groups/GRE340/