在讨论哪些规则影响NBA比赛的时候
hand-check常常被拿出来讨论
我看了以前的影片
https://youtu.be/RTFwxS5dejI
观察出进攻方在面框盘球时
防守员也不太会去hand-check
(这是我的观察，也许每个人有不同的结论)
原因应该就是防守员如果贴近到可以hand-check的距离
持球者可以轻易地过人
因此我推测当时的球队在防守面框持球者时
hand-check并不被他们认为是很有效的防守方式
也因此他们不太会对面框持球者hand-check
我找了NBA关于防守方对进攻方接触犯规的规则
https://official.nba.com/rule-no-12-fouls-and-penalties/#foultypes
节录Personal Foul/Section I-Types的片段
"a.A player shall not hold, push, charge into, impede the progress of an
opponent by extending a hand, arm, leg or knee or by bending
the body into a position that is not normal. Contact that results
in the re-routing of an opponent is a foul which must be called
immediately.
b.Contact initiated by the defensive player guarding a player with the ball
is not legal.
This contact includes, but is not limited to, forearm, hands, or
body check.
a.EXCEPTIONS:1.A defender may apply contact with a forearm to an
offensive player with the ball who has his back to the
basket below the free throw line extended outside the
Lower Defensive Box.
2.A defender may apply contact with a forearm and/or
one hand with a bent elbow to an offensive player in
a post-up position with the ball in the Lower
Defensive Box.
3.A defender may apply contact with a forearm to an
offensive player with the ball at any time in the
Lower Defensive Box. The forearm in the above exceptions
is solely for the purpose of maintaining a defensive
position.
4.A defender may position his leg between the legs of
an offensive player in a post-up position in the
Lower Defensive Box for the purpose of maintaining
defensive position. If his foot leaves the floor in an
attempt to dislodge his opponent, it is a foul
immediately.
5.Incidental contact with the hand against an offensive
player shall be ignored if it does not affect the
player’s speed, quickness, balance and/or rhythm."
大意：任何肢体接触是禁止的，除了以下几点：
1.进攻持球者在罚球线延伸线以下、Lower Defensive Box之外背对篮框时，
防守者可以用前臂接触。
2.防守者可以用前臂或一只弯曲的手肘接触低位、在Lower Defensive Box的持球
者。
3.持球者在Lower Defensive Box的任何时候，防守者可以用前臂接触他。
前述的几项前臂接触的例外只能是为了保持防守位置。
5.只要没有影响进攻球员的速度、平衡、节奏，不经意地用手接触进攻球员可以
被裁判忽略。
这是我查到的罚球线延伸线跟Lower Defensive Box
https://i.imgur.com/z7LwOA9.gif
https://i.imgur.com/POcjKEk.png
从现在的规则来看，
1.当进攻持球员在罚球线延伸线以下到底线之间的区域背框，
防守者可以用前臂接触他。
2.当进攻持球员在Lower Defensive Box内，
防守者可以用前臂接触他，若是post-up position还可以用弯曲的手肘。
我另外找了NBA历史关于hand-check的规则改变
http://archive.nba.com/analysis/rules_history.html
1978-79的其中一条规则改变
" Clarification added to prohibit hand-checking through “rigid enforcement”
of rule allowing a defensive player to retain contact with his opponent so
long as he does not impede his opponent’s progress."
大意：这个规则改变澄清了对hand-check的禁止
其中提到这边被禁止的"hand-check"的意思
是指"防守方在不侵犯进攻方行进路线的情况下可以跟进攻方肢体接触"
也就是说不管是这个规则改变之前还是80、90年代或现在
用手去阻挡进攻方前进从来都是非法的
1994-95的其中一条规则改变
"Hand-checking eliminated from the end line in the backcourt to the opposite
foul line."
大意：从后场到前场的罚球线延伸线之间的hand-check被取消
现在身体接触仅限罚球线到底线的规则就是从这时候定的
2004-05的规则改变
"New rules were introduced to curtail hand-checking, clarify blocking fouls and
call defensive three seconds to open up the game."
也就是改成目前的规则
从现在的规则跟以前的规则
可以归纳出hand-check规则的演变：
默认hand-check→1994→禁止罚球线以上的hand-check
→2004→禁止罚球线以下、Lower Defensive Box以外的面框hand-check
也就是说hand-check的行为并没有消失在现在的NBA
只是禁止了对罚球线以上(1994)或Lower Defensive Box以外不是背框(2004)的持球者做
而如这篇文开头的观察
在这些禁令颁布之前
防守员本来就不太会去对面框的持球者hand-check
所以我认为从以前到现在hand-check的规则改变
并没有对NBA的比赛产生多大的影响
以下这部最近几年Klay Thompson的防守影片
就体现了他合法地用手接触进攻球员
其中也有些在Lower Defensive Box之外接触
以现今规则应当犯规却没响哨的例子
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUkQubdvMwY