※ 引述《beckseaton (没有运动会死)》之铭言：
这里有提到一些关于禁药的检测方式
http://tinyurl.com/ca65f2u
The testing process is very clear. The MLB policy is continually monitored
and is considered the most strict among professional sports. The addition of
blood testing that will begin in 2012 makes it even more so. Each player in
baseball on a 40-man roster is subject to at least two random drug tests
during each season. They can also get additional random tests, a number which
will again increase in 2012. As well, there are additional random tests that
occur during the playoffs. That means that players that have never tested
positive for any banned substance are subject to as many as four tests in a
league year. (Players that have tested positive previously are subject to an
accelerated testing program with significantly more tests.)
只要在40人名单上 每季就至少会被检测两次
此外还有一些其他的随机测试 进季后赛的话也有更多的随机检验
对一般球员来说 每季最多可被检验四次
(有过阳性反应的话会更多)
Each test is monitored closely, from the collection phase to the final
administration of testing. When a player is selected for random testing, he
is taken to a "clean area" designated in each clubhouse. He is observed
urinating in a provided sample cup, which is sealed and initialled.
(Observed? Yes, that means what you think. The "full stream" must be visible
from player to cup.) That sample is prepared and sent to MLB's designated lab.
受测球员会到休息室里的特殊区域采样
采样过程会受到监视避免造假
Once at the lab, which is usually the WADA-certified lab in Montreal, the
sample would be separated into "A" and B" samples. The "A" sample would
undergo a full spectrum of tests, which would include one that looks at the
ratio of two substances, testosterone and epitestosterone. The "T/E" ratio in
most men is 1:1, but it has been shown that this ratio fluctuates wildly.
Controlled studies have been shown that the ratio can go as high as 10:1 in
men that have taken no exogenous (non-natural) testosterone. Any test above
4:1 triggers a second, more comprehensive test. At this stage, it is not
considered a positive result. The ratio test is merely a trigger.
样本会分成A, B两个部分
A部分先测testosterone/epitestosterone的比例
正常人比例会是1:1 (但有时在正常状态下比例会高达10:1)
如果超过4:1就会进行下一阶段的测试
(这时还不是确认阳性反应)
The "B" sample is then tested using one of several methods (MLB does not
disclose which method is used, though carbon isotope ratios or chromatography
are considered the state of the art.) This test is able to determine the
presence and origin of exogenous testosterone. This presence, in any amount,
is sufficient to find a player in violation of the drug policy. This testing
can differentiate between endogenous (natural, produced by the body)
testosterone and any exogenous variant. It can also determine the variant, of
which there are several in use. Testosterone is present in all humans, male
and female, though males have higher levels. Testosterone is also widely used
for medical purposes. If you remember the "Is It Low T?" ads that ran
incessantly during the MLB playoffs, you saw an advertisement for
testosterone. Take it and you would test positive under MLB rules.
下一阶段使用B部分，测试testosterone是由身体分泌还是来自外界服用
如果有来自外界的成分就掰了
At this stage, several things are unclear. There are conflicting reports as
to whether Braun's "B" sample was tested and showed exogenous testosterone.
There are also reports of a second drug test, requested by Braun, that did
not "test positive." I put that last in quotes because it's confusing.
Remember, the "A" sample is merely a trigger. If Braun was re-tested and
showed a T/E ratio below 4:1, that is not correctly called a negative test.
Also, since the detectable period for testosterone is between 2 and 4 weeks,
the timing of that second test is key if it is going to be used as an
affirmative defense.
刚据报导，Braun的B部分有外界testosterone成分，这里应该没什么问题
至于Braun所谓"第二次检测没有阳性反应"这里就有讨论空间
如果是"第二次检测" "T/E比低于4:1"这样的话并不能称之为是阴性反应
另外，由于testosterone的检测有效时间是2~4周
所以第二次检测的时间会是决定这次测试能不能当作反驳第一次测试的关键
The most common defense at appeal would be a "tainted supplement." While many
say this is a false positive, that is incorrect terminology. The test would
be correct, in that there was the presence of a banned substance. Under MLB's
policy of strict liability, a player would be responsible no matter how the
substance got into his body. There is only one exception. MLB (and the NFL,
among others) have a list of substances that are certified by the NSF. Known
as the "blessed list," these substances can be taken with confidence that
they would not be tainted. Any other supplement, such as the 6-OXO Extreme
that caused a positive for Phillies reliever J.C. Romero, would provide the
player no such defense.
而如果说是吃到"受污染的补品" 这理由MLB官方大概不会接受
官方有提供一份"可使用的补品"名单
使用名单外的补品，例如以前 J.C. Romero，基本上是上诉无效
Remember, the T/E ratio is not used as a positive test. The reason is that
this ratio can be easily manipulated. In fact, BALCO was known to use a
transdermal patch in order to manipulate the ratio. Instead of trying to
reduce testosterone, they increased epitestosterone after discovering that
the testing process did not differentiate between a 6:1, 12:2, or 24:4 ratio.
(The ratio was reduced from 6:1 to 4:1 in 2007.) What we should be waiting to
hear is whether Braun's original sample had a positive and definitive result
for exogenous testosterone.
这里就在重申一次，比例不是问题
问题是在有没有来自外界的testosterone
(BALCO的案例就是利用提升epitestosterone来躲避更进一步的测试)
With Braun's representative's saying that they are mounting an "aggressive
appeal," it is important to remember what we know and what we don't know. At
this stage, there are enough conflicting reports to reserve judgement,
especially given the indication that this result is in the process of appeal.
The original report from ESPN's Outside The Lines is certainly troubling, but
it is hardly definitive.
Braun方面要上诉，所以大家就静观其变吧
目前的报导还不足以断定是否有用药就是了