Here's why police don't shoot to wound in the case of deadly force
美国警察行使致命武力时为何不仅仅开枪打伤就好
https://tinyurl.com/y488vkeg
2019年6月13日，AJC新闻
US marshals shot and killed a man in Frayser, Tennessee, a north Memphis
neighborhood, on Wednesday, sparking a protest that turned violent and left
24 officers, two journalists and an untold number of protestors injured.
星期三，美国法警在田纳西州位于Memphis北部Frayser的一个社区，开枪射击并杀死了一
名男子，引发了一场抗议，该抗议活动变成了暴力活动，造成24名警察，两名记者和无数
抗议者受伤。
The protest began when marshals were trying to apprehend Brandon Webber, 20,
according to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, when Webber "reportedly
rammed his vehicle into the officers' vehicles multiple times before exiting
with a weapon," the bureau said. "The officers fired striking and killing the
individual. No officers were injured."
田纳西州调查局表示，抗议活动始于法警试图逮捕20岁的Brandon Webber，当时Webber
“据报曾多次将他的车撞向警察的车辆，然后手持武器下车” “警察开枪并杀害了该人
。没有警察受伤。”
Below is a story from 2016, following two fatal shootings by police officers,
and describes police training that comes into play in a situation such as the
one in Frayser on Wednesday.
以下是2016年在接连发生了两次警察枪击致死事件的报导，讲述警察所受的训练是如何处
理像在周三Frayser所发生的情况。[注1：abc News 2016年7月7日报导，见文末摘要翻译
]
Original story: People have taken to the streets in both Tulsa and Charlotte
during the past week, protesting the fatal shootings of two men by police
officers in those cities.
原报导：在过去的一周中，Tulsa和Charlotte的人们上街游行，抗议那些城市的警察对两
名男子的致命射击。
Those incidents, along with other high profile fatal shootings involving
police in the past two years, have led some to ask the question – why do the
police shoot to kill? Why not try to shoot to wound, instead?
这些事件，以及其它在过去两年中引人关注的警察致命枪击事件，引起了一些人的疑问：
为什么警察要开枪杀死人？为什么不尝试射伤呢？
While the question seems like a sound one considering the cases where unarmed
people have been shot by officers, simply put, police officers shoot at
people they perceive as posing a threat because that is what they are trained
to do in order to end that threat.
这个问题听起来很合理，简而言之，警察向被他们认为构成威胁的人开枪，因为他们被训
练成这样行动以终结威胁。
Here's a look at why police don't shoot to wound instead.
这就是警察为什么不开枪打伤的理由。
Do officers really operate under a shoot-to-kill policy?
警察是否真的按照“射杀”政策运作？
Police officers are trained to shoot as many rounds as necessary at the
threat they are confronted with until the threat is neutralized – that is,
they are trained to fire until the suspect is unable to shoot or in some
other way injure the officer, other police or bystanders.
训练有素的警察应对所面对的威胁进行尽可能多的射击，直到威胁被消除为止；也就是说
，训练有素的警察开枪，直到嫌疑人无法射击或以其他方式伤害该警察，其他警察，或旁
观者。
Why not “shoot to wound” instead?
为什么不“射伤”呢？
For a couple of reasons: First, shooting to wound someone may not stop the
threat. If a person is shot in the leg, the threat may still exist as a
suspect could still use his or her hands to fire a gun or stab with a knife.
有以下两个原因：首先，射击伤人可能无法阻止威胁。如果一个人的腿被枪击，威胁可能
仍然存在，因为犯罪嫌疑人仍可以用他或她的手用枪射击人或用刀刺伤人。
Second, and most importantly, it takes a skilled marksman to hit someone
exactly in the arm or leg, and, most officers are not skilled marskmen. In
fact, outside of an old-fashioned TV Western, few people can make that shot,
no matter the training.
其次，也是最重要的一点是，射手需要熟练的技术才能准确地击中某人的手臂或腿部，而
大多数警察都不是熟练的射手。事实上，除了电视上的老西部片以外，无论如何训练，很
少有人可以做那样的射击。
Dr. Bill Lewinski, executive director of the Force Science Institute,
explained in a position paper for the Institute the physics involved in the
notion of training officers – who are often running after suspects – to “
shoot to wound.”
军事科学研究所执行主任Bill Lewinski博士，在该研究所意见书中以训练警察追捕嫌疑
人所涉及的物理概念，解释了“射伤”的问题。
"Hands and arms can be the fastest-moving body parts,” Lewinski said. “For
example, an average suspect can move his hand and forearm across his body to
a 90-degree angle in 12/100 of a second. He can move his hand from his hip to
shoulder height in 18/100 of a second.”
Lewinski说：“手和手臂可能是运动最快的身体部位。例如，普通嫌疑犯可以在0.12秒内
将他的手和前臂横跨身体90度角。他可以在0.18秒内将手从臀部移到肩膀的高度。”
"The average officer pulling the trigger as fast as he can on a Glock, one of
the fastest- cycling semi-autos, requires 1/4 second to discharge each round."
“普通警察在最快射速的半自动Glock手枪上以最快速度扣扳机，每轮也需要0.25秒才能
射出。”
“There is no way an officer can react, track, shoot and reliably hit a
threatening suspect's forearm or a weapon in a suspect's hand in the time
spans involved.”
“在涉及的时间跨度内，警察无法做出反应，描准，射击并可靠地击中威胁嫌疑人的前臂
或犯罪嫌疑人手中的武器。”
David Klinger, a professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the
University of Missouri-St. Louis, put it another way speaking to ABC News