※ 引述《minjindon (中间选民)》之铭言：
: 凡事都应该有科学证据不是吗？
: 今天明明就没有致癌疑虑，
: 蓝白却一直在造谣渲染，
: 这不是唯恐天下不乱，
: 什么才是唯恐天下不乱？
:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.880782/full
这篇是2023发表的，用以前的实证去模拟苏丹红1号跟2号如何跟DNA作用去形成Adduct
虽然发在Mega journal 但前面introduction整理得很好
另一篇2013的review要收费看不到内容
In mammalian cell studies, Comet assays indicated that Sudan I exhibits
mutagenic activity, and specifically that it can cause DNA strand breaking (An
et al., 2007).
2007年的哺乳类细胞实验(comet assay)说有致癌性并会造成DNA断裂
In mouse models, Sudan I was reported to not only disrupt spindle organization
and chromosomal alignment but also the destruction of mitochondrial functions
, accumulating reactive oxygen species (Xing et al., 2021).
小鼠实验中，苏丹红1号会造成打断纺锤丝形成与造成染色体配对错位，同时也对粒线体
功能造成伤害，累积大量的自由基
Sudan I was also implicated in potentiating the genotoxicity of human
carcinogen benzo [a]pyrene in mouse models (Dracinska et al., 2021).
小鼠实验中显示苏丹红的致癌性比BaP更高
Although Sudan dyes are classified as mutagens based on animal toxicity
studies, their molecular mode of action is unknown
第一段小结，虽然苏丹红染料在动物实验上有致癌性，但机制不清楚
In addition, some metabolites of Sudan dyes, typically aromatic amines, have
been correlated with epigenetic alterations (Chappell et al., 2016), and in
vivo studies in rats and rabbits have indicated mutagenicity (Chappell et al.,
2016).
苏丹红的代谢物，特别是(aromatic amines)芳香胺跟表观遗传改变有相关性
大鼠与兔子的实验显示有致癌性
Sudan I can be enzymatically oxidized and/or reduced in metabolic pathways
within the cell, namely hepatic and bladder enzymes yielding mutagenic
metabolites (Cox and White, 2019)
苏丹红一号会被细胞(肝或膀胱)内代谢途径中的酵素氧化或还原后产生致癌代谢物
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CY1A1) catalyzes the oxidation of Sudan I to form a
reactive metabolite, the benzenediazonium cation, leading to its ability to
form DNA adducts and increasing its carcinogenicity (Tumbi et al., 2014).
CY1A1会催化苏丹红一号氧化形成活性代谢物(benzenediazonium cation)，导致它
与DNA反应形成DNA adduct并增加其致癌性
the metabolic pathway for Sudan I is induced when peroxidases oxidize the dye
to form a radical species, and the radical then attacks the exocyclic amino
group of guanines (G) to form a DNA adduct (Draínsky et al., 2009).
苏丹红一号代谢是由过氧化酶氧化形成过氧化物，然后攻击DNA的G形成DNA附加物
These Sudan I metabolite-DNA adducts have been identified in vivo in the liver
of rats exposed to these dyes. In the bladder, peroxidases were observed to
catalyze Sudan I metabolism which reacts with deoxyguanosine (dG), leading to
the formation of 4-[(deoxy)guanosin-N2-yl] (Draínsky et al., 2009)
大鼠肝脏内有找到苏丹红一号代谢物-DNA附加物。膀胱中则是过氧化酶去催化
苏丹红一号并与dG反应形成4-[(deoxy)guanosin-N2-yl]
这些都是动物实验的资料
所以2023这篇就去模拟苏丹红一号跟二号如何形成DNA附加物
A是初始 B是接触100奈秒(nanosecond) C是1微秒(microsecond)
https://i.imgur.com/tZQbbAl.png
https://i.imgur.com/mskkaVt.png
但你可以说这是模拟的，看看就好
会产生DNA附加物致癌最有名的就是马兜铃酸，有兴趣的自己去GOOGLE
回到吵翻天的第三类
推文某篇新闻的
https://i.imgur.com/BeE6pRK.png
真棒!! 无法分类
看原文就知道又是讲一半取对自己有利的
https://i.imgur.com/osxz5Ei.png
"该物质对于人类的致癌性无法分类"
此项分类常用于其致癌性在"人类"上证据不足或者"动物"上有限证据
例外地，对于那些在人类中致癌性证据不足但在动物实验中足够的物质，如果有强有力的证据表明
在动物身上的致癌机制不会在人类中起作用，则可能将其归入此类别。
不属于第一类(确定致癌) 第二类A(很可能致癌) 第二类B (可能致癌 (50%以下))
的也都丢在这一类
IARC 网站的QA PDF
https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/IARCMonographs-QA.
pdf
https://i.imgur.com/yY1oOgr.png
第三类的定义是
1. 对人类致癌性证据"不足"
2. 动物实验结果是"有限"或"不足"
3. 机制证据"有限"或"不足"
动物实验的有限结果暗示可能会致癌但并不具有确定性
所以台湾要当一次IARC的大型人体数据库吗?