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https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/08/black-holes-surrounded-massive-energy-harvesting-structures-could-power-alien
2.新闻来源︰科学
3.完整新闻标题
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Black holes surrounded by massive, energy-harvesting structures could power
alien civilizations
By Ian Randall Aug. 16, 2021 , 4:50 PM
被巨大的能量收集结构们 包围的黑洞们 可以为外星文明们提供动力
作者：伊恩·兰德尔 2021 年 8 月 16 日下午 4:50
4.完整新闻内容︰
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In the long-running TV show Doctor Who, aliens known as time lords derived their power from the captured heart of a black hole, which provided energy for their planet and time travel technology. The idea has merit, according to a new study. Researchers have shown that highly advanced alien civilizations could theoretically build megastructures called Dyson spheres around black holes to harness their energy, which can be 100,000 times that of our Sun. The work could even give us a way to detect the
existence of these extraterrestrial societies.
在长期播放的电视节目神秘博士中，被称为时间领主的外星人从捕获的黑洞心脏中获取力量，为他们的星球和时间旅行技术提供能量。根据一项新的研究，这个想法是有价值的。研究人员表明，高度先进的外星文明理论上可以在黑洞周围建造称为戴森球的巨型结构，以利用它们的能量，其能量可能是我们太阳的 100,000 倍。这项工作甚至可以为我们提供一种方法来检测这些外星社会的存在。
“I like these speculations about what advanced civilizations might do,” says Tom?? Opatrn?, a physicist at Palack? University Olomouc, who was not involved with the work but agrees that a Dyson sphere around a black hole would provide its builders with lots of power.
“我喜欢这些关于先进文明可能会做什么的猜测，”帕拉茨基大学奥洛穆茨的物理学家 Tom?? Opatrn? 说，他没有参与这项工作，但同意围绕黑洞的戴森球将为它的建造者们提供大量的能量。
If humanity’s energy demands continue to grow, a point will come when our power consumption approaches, or even exceeds, the total energy available to our planet. So argued physicist Freeman Dyson way back in 1960. Borrowing from British sci-fi author Olaf Stapledon, Dyson proposed that any sufficiently advanced civilization that wanted to survive would need to build massive structures around stars that could harness their energy.
如果人类的能源需求继续增长，那么当我们的能源消耗接近甚至超过地球可用的总能源时，就会出现一个临界点。早在 1960 年，物理学家弗里曼·戴森 (Freeman Dyson) 就这么认为。 戴森从英国科幻作家奥拉夫·斯台普登 (Olaf Stapledon) 那里借用，提出任何想要生存的足够先进的文明都需要在恒星周围建造巨大的结构，以利用它们的能量。
Most of these Dyson spheres involve numerous satellites orbiting or sitting motionlessly around a star. (A solid shell totally encasing a solar body—as envisioned in a Star Trek: The Next Generation episode—is considered mechanically impossible, because of the gravity and pressure from the central star.) Such megastructures would have to transform that solar energy into usable energy, a process that creates waste heat. This heat shows up in the midinfrared spectrum,
and stars with an excess infrared signal have become a key target in the search for extraterrestrial life.
这些戴森球中的大多数都涉及众多围绕恒星运行或静止不动的卫星。 （完全包围太阳体的固体外壳——正如《星际迷航：下一代》中所设想的那样——在机械上被认为是不可能的，因为来自中央恒星的重力和压力。）这样的巨型结构必须将太阳能转化为可用的能量能源，一个产生废热的过程。这种热量出现在中红外光谱中，
红外线信号过剩的恒星们已成为寻找外星生命的1个关键目标。
But astronomer Tiger Hsiao of National Tsing Hua University says we might be looking for the wrong thing.
In a new study, he and colleagues set out to calculate whether it would also be possible to use a Dyson sphere
around a black hole. They analyzed black holes of three different sizes: those five, 20, and 4 million times the mass of our Sun.
These, respectively, reflect the lower and upper limits of black holes known to have formed from the collapse of massive stars
—and the even more enormous mass of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive massive black hole thought to lurk at the center of the Milky Way.
但国立清华大学的天文学家Tiger Hsiao表示，我们可能正在寻找错误的东西。
在一项新研究中，他和同事开始计算是否也可以在黑洞周围使用戴森球。他们分析了三种不同大小的黑洞：
质量是我们的太阳质量的 5、20 和 400 万倍的黑洞。这些分别反映了已知由大质量恒星坍缩形成的黑洞的下限和上限
——以及甚至更大质量的人马座 A*，这个超大质量黑洞被认为潜伏在银河系的中心.
Black holes are typically thought of as consumers rather than producers of energy.
Yet their huge gravitational fields can generate power through several theoretical processes.
These include the radiation emitted from the accumulation of gas around the hole,
the spinning “accretion” disk of matter slowly falling toward the event horizon,
the relativistic jets of matter and energy that shoot out along the hole’s axis of rotation,
and Hawking radiation—a theoretical way that black holes can lose mass, releasing energy in the process.
黑洞通常被认为是消费者而不是能源的生产者。然而，它们巨大的引力场可以通过几个理论过程产生能量。
这些包括从黑洞周围的气体积累发出的辐射，旋转的“吸积”物质盘慢慢落向事件视界，
沿着黑洞的旋转轴射出的物质和能量的相对论喷射流，以及霍金辐射——黑洞可以失去质量并在此过程中释放能量的一种理论上的方式。
From their calculations, Hsiao and colleagues concluded that the accretion disk, surrounding gas, and jets of black holes
can all serve as viable energy sources. In fact, the energy from the accretion disk alone of a stellar black hole of 20 solar masses
could provide the same amount of power as Dyson spheres around 100,000 stars, the team will report next month in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Were a supermassive black hole harnessed, the energy it could provide might be 1 million times larger still.
根据他们的计算，Hsiao 及其同事得出结论，吸积盘、周围气体和黑洞喷流都可以作为可行的能源。
事实上，该团队将在下个月的《皇家天文学会月刊》上报告说，仅来自 20 个太阳质量的恒星黑洞吸积盘的能量
就可以提供予戴森球体大约 100,000 颗恒星相同的能量。
如果利用超大质量黑洞，它所能提供的能量可能还要大 100 万倍。
If such technology is at work, there may be a way to spot it. According to the researchers,
the waste heat signal from a so-called “hot” Dyson sphere—
one somehow capable of surviving temperatures in excess of 3000 kelvin, above the melting point of known metals—
around a stellar mass black hole in the Milky Way would be detectible at ultraviolet wavelengths.
Such signals might be found in the data from various telescopes, including NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and Galaxy Evolution Explorer, Hsiao says.
如果这种技术起作用(在工作)，可能有办法发现它。据研究人员们称，来自所谓的“热”戴森球体的废热信号——
该球体以某种方式能够在超过 3000 开尔文的温度下存活，高于已知金属们的熔点——
围绕银河系中的一个恒星质量黑洞在紫外线波长下可以检测到。 Hsiao 说，这些信号可能会在来自各种望远镜的数据中找到，
包括美国国家航空暨太空总署的哈伯太空望远镜和银河演化探索者。
Meanwhile, a “solid” Dyson sphere—operating below 3000 kelvin—could be picked up in the infrared by, for example, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey or the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.
The latter is no stranger to looking for the infrared signals of traditional, star-based Dyson spheres. But, like all other such searches, it has yet to find anything conclusive.
与此同时，一个“固体”戴森球体——在 3000 开尔文以下运行——可以在红外线里被(譬如) 史隆数位化巡天(位在新墨西哥州) 或 广域红外巡天探测器 等探测到(看到)。
后者对于寻找传统的、基于恒星的戴森球体的红外信号并不陌生。但是，与所有其他此类搜索一样，它还没有找到任何结论性的东西。
Opatrn? says using the radiation from accretion disks would be particularly clever,
because the disks convert energy more efficiently than the thermonuclear reaction in conventional stars.
Aliens concerned with the sustainability of their power supply, he suggests, might be better off encapsulating
small stars that burn their fuel slowly. However, he continued, “The fast-living civilizations feeding on black hole accretion disks would be easier to spot from the huge amount of waste heat they produce.”
Opatrn? 说使用吸积盘的辐射会特别聪明，因为吸积盘比传统恒星中的热核反应更有效地转换能量。
他建议，关心他们的电力供应的可持续性的外星人们 可能最好封装(一些)缓慢燃烧燃料的小恒星们。
然而，他继续说道，“以黑洞吸积盘为食的快速生命文明会更容易从它们产生的大量废热中被发现。”
Inoue Makoto, an astrophysicist from the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, says regular black holes could support so-called type II civilizations, whose total energy requirements match those of an entire star system. Supermassive black holes, he adds, could fuel type III civilizations, whose power consumption would equal that emitted by an entire galaxy.
中央研究院天文与天体物理研究所的天体物理学家井上诚说，普通黑洞可以支持所谓的 II 型文明，其总能量需求与整个恒星系统的能量需求相匹配。他补充说，超大质量黑洞可以为 III 型文明提供燃料，其能量消耗相当于整个星系排放的能量。
As for what the aliens might use this energy for, Opatrn? has some thoughts. “Mining cryptocurrency, playing computer games, or just feeding the ever-growing bureaucracy?” he jokingly muses. Either way, maybe the time lords were onto something after all.
至于外星人可能会使用这种能量做什么，Opatrn? 有一些想法。 “挖掘加密货币，玩电脑游戏，还是只是养活不断增长的官僚机构？”他开玩笑地沉思。无论哪种方式，也许时间领主们毕竟是在做某事。
Posted in: Space
doi:10.1126/science.abl9622
5.附注、心得、想法︰
※ 40字心得、备注 ※
Dyson去年2020年 228 那天去世。1960年，Dyson约37岁。
1957年到1961年，Dyson参与了猎户座计划。
能活在黑洞附近的外星人，这种外星人强不强，有看到的或5楼您说说，谢谢!