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By UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON JUNE 11, 2024
3.完整新闻标题:
凭你的腰子可能上不了火星
Could Your Kidneys Handle a Trip to Mars?
4.完整新闻内文:
Could Your Kidneys Handle a Trip to Mars?
TOPICS:AstronautKidneyUniversity College London
By UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON JUNE 11, 2024
Astronaut on Mars Art Illustration Concept
Research shows space flight causes significant kidney changes, increasing
risks for long-duration missions like Mars trips. Credit: SciTechDaily.com
A new study highlights how space flight alters kidney function, showing
structural changes and potential permanent damage due to microgravity and
cosmic radiation. This poses risks for long-term space travel, such as
missions to Mars.
The structure and function of the kidneys are altered by space flight, with
galactic radiation causing permanent damage that would jeopardize any mission
to Mars. This is according to a new study led by researchers from UCL.
The study, published today (June 11) in Nature Communications, is the largest
analysis of kidney health in space flight to date and includes the first
health dataset for commercial astronauts. It is published as part of a Nature
special collection of papers on space and health.
你的腰子能承受火星之旅吗？
主题：太空人 肾 伦敦大学学院
伦敦大学学院 2024年 6 月 11 日
研究表明，太空飞行会导致肾脏发生显著变化，从而增加火星旅行等长期任务的风险。图
片来源：SciTechDaily.com
一项新的研究强调了太空飞行如何改变肾功能，显示微重力和宇宙辐射导致的结构变化和
潜在的永久性损伤。这给长期太空旅行（例如火星任务）带来了风险。
太空飞行会改变肾脏的结构和功能，银河辐射会造成永久性损伤，从而危及任何火星任务
。这是根据伦敦大学学院研究人员领导的一项新研究得出的结论。
这项研究今天（6 月 11 日）发表在《自然通讯》杂志上，是迄今为止对太空飞行中肾脏
健康状况最大规模的分析，其中包括第一位商业太空人的健康数据集。它作为《自然》太
空与健康论文特别集的一部分出版。
Long-Term Health Effects of Space Travel
Researchers have known that space flight causes certain health issues since
the 1970s, in the years after humans first traveled beyond Earth’s magnetic
field, most famously during the first moon landing in 1969. These issues
include loss of bone mass, weakening of the heart and eyesight, and
development of kidney stones.
It is thought that many of these issues stem from exposure to space
radiation, such as solar winds from the Sun and Galactic Cosmic Radiation
(GCR) from deep space, that the Earth’s magnetic field protects us from on
Earth1. As most manned space flights take place in Low Earth orbit (LEO) and
receive partial protection from Earth’s magnetic field, only the 24 people
who have traveled to the moon have been exposed to unmitigated GCR and only
for a short time (6-12 days).
太空旅行对健康的长期影响
自1970 年代以来，研究人员就知道太空飞行会导致某些健康问题，即人类首次穿越地球
磁场之后的几年，其中最著名的是1969 年首次登月期间。心脏和视力减弱和肾结石的发
展。
人们认为，其中许多问题源于暴露于太空辐射，例如来自太阳的太阳风和来自深空的银河
宇宙辐射（GCR），地球磁场保护我们免受地球上的辐射(注1)。由于大多数载人太空飞行
都在近地轨道 (LEO) 进行，并受到地球磁场的部分保护，因此只有 24 名前往月球的人
接触过完全的 GCR，而且时间很短（6-12 天） ） 。
The Impact on Kidney Function
Nobody has studied what changes might be happening in the kidneys and other
organs as a result of conditions that would be experienced during space
travel beyond Earth’s magnetic field over longer periods.
In this Wellcome, St Peters Trust and Kidney Research UK (KRUK) funded study,
a UCL-led team of researchers from over 40 institutions across five
continents conducted a range of experiments and analyses to investigate how
the kidneys respond to space flight.
对肾功能的影响
没有人研究过，在长时间超出地球磁场的太空旅行中，肾脏和其他器官可能会发生什么变
化。
在这项由Wellcome、St Peters Trust 和英国肾脏研究中心(KRUK) 资助的研究中，伦敦
大学学院领导的来自五大洲40 多个机构的研究人员团队进行了一系列实验和分析，以调
查肾脏对太空飞行的反应。
The Study’s Methodology and Findings
This included biomolecular, physiological, and anatomical assessments using
data and samples from 20 study cohorts. This included samples from over 40
Low Earth orbit space missions involving humans and mice, most of which were
to the International Space Station, as well as 11 space simulations involving
mice and rats.
Seven of these simulations involved mice exposed to simulated GCR doses
equivalent to 1.5-year and 2.5-year Mars Missions, mimicking space flight
beyond Earth’s magnetic field.
研究方法和结果
这包括使用 20 个研究队伍的数据和样本进行生物分子、生理和解剖学评估。其中包括来
自 40 多个涉及人类和小鼠的近地轨道太空任务的样本，其中大部分是前往国际太空站的
，以及 11 个涉及小鼠和大鼠的太空模拟。
其中七个模拟涉及小鼠暴露于相当于 1.5 年和 2.5 年火星任务的模拟 GCR 剂量，模仿
地球磁场之外的太空飞行。
Implications for Long-Term Space Missions
The results indicated that both human and animal kidneys are ‘remodeled’ by
the conditions in space, with specific kidney tubules responsible for fine
tuning calcium and salt balance showing signs of shrinkage after less than a
month in space. Researchers say the likely cause of this is microgravity
rather than GCR, though further research is required to determine if the
interaction of microgravity and GCR can accelerate or worsen these structural
changes.
The primary reason that kidney stones develop during space missions had
previously been assumed to be solely due to microgravity-induced bone loss
that leads to a build-up of calcium in the urine. Rather, the UCL team’s
findings indicated that the way the kidneys process salts is fundamentally
altered by space flight and likely a primary contributor to kidney stone
formation.
对长期太空任务的影响
结果表明，人类和动物的肾脏都会因太空条件而“重塑”，负责微调钙和盐平衡的特定肾
小管在太空中不到一个月后就会出现收缩迹象。研究人员表示，造成这种情况的可能原因
是微重力而不是 GCR，不过还需要进一步的研究来确定微重力和 GCR 的相互作用是否会
加速或恶化这些结构变化。
先前人们认为，太空任务期间出现肾结石的主要原因是微重力引起的骨质流失，导致尿液
中的钙积聚。相反，伦敦大学学院团队的研究结果表明，太空飞行从根本上改变了肾脏处
理盐的方式，这可能是肾结石形成的主要原因。
The Mars Mission Conundrum
Perhaps the most alarming finding, at least for any astronaut considering a
three-year round trip to Mars, is that the kidneys of mice exposed to
radiation simulating GCR for 2.5 years experienced permanent damage and loss
of function.
Dr. Keith Siew, first author of the study from the London Tubular Centre,
based at the UCL Department of Renal Medicine, said: “We know what has
happened to astronauts on the relatively short space missions conducted so
far, in terms of an increase in health issues such as kidney stones. What we
don’t know is why these issues occur, nor what is going to happen to
astronauts on longer flights such as the proposed mission to Mars.
“If we don’t develop new ways to protect the kidneys, I’d say that while
an astronaut could make it to Mars they might need dialysis on the way back.
We know that the kidneys are late to show signs of radiation damage; by the
time this becomes apparent it’s probably too late to prevent failure, which
would be catastrophic for the mission’s chances of success.”
火星任务难题
也许最令人震惊的发现是，至少对于任何考虑进行为期三年的火星往返旅行的太空人来说
，暴露于模拟 GCR 辐射 2.5 年的小鼠的肾脏经历了永久性损伤和功能丧失。
该研究的第一作者、伦敦大学学院肾脏医学系伦敦管状中心的 Keith Siew 博士说：“我
们知道太空人在迄今为止执行的相对较短的太空任务中发生了什么，就增加了肾结石等健
康问题。我们不知道为什么会出现这些问题，也不知道太空人在长途飞行（例如拟议的火
星任务）中会发生什么。
“如果我们不开发新的方法来保护肾脏，我想说，虽然太空人可以到达火星，但他们在返
回途中可能需要透析。我们知道肾脏较晚才出现辐射损伤的迹象；当这一点变得明显时，
可能已经来不及阻止失败了，这对于任务的成功机会来说将是灾难性的。
Conclusions and Future Directions
The authors say that though the results identify serious obstacles to a Mars
mission, it is necessary to identify problems before solutions can be
developed.
Professor Stephen B. Walsh, senior author of the study from the London
Tubular Centre, UCL Department of Renal Medicine, said: “Our study
highlights the fact that if you’re planning a space mission, kidneys really
matter. You can’t protect them from galactic radiation using shielding, but
as we learn more about renal biology it may be possible to develop
technological or pharmaceutical measures to facilitate extended space travel.
“Any drugs developed for astronauts may also be beneficial here on Earth,
for example by enabling cancer patients’ kidneys to tolerate higher doses of
radiotherapy, the kidneys being one of the limiting factors in this regard.”
Though the study only describes what happens to the kidneys up to two and a
half years, it is the most comprehensive data available for the time being.
结论与未来方向
作者表示，尽管结果发现了火星任务的严重障碍，但有必要在制定解决方案之前找出问题
。
伦敦大学学院肾医学系伦敦管状中心的这项研究的资深作者斯蒂芬·B·沃尔什教授说：
“我们的研究强调了这样一个事实：如果你计划执行太空任务，肾脏确实很重要。”你无
法遮蔽来保护它们免受银河辐射，但随着我们对肾脏生物学的了解越来越多，有可能
开发出技术或药物措施来促进长途太空旅行。
“为太空人开发的任何药物也可能对地球有益，例如使癌症患者的肾脏能够耐受更高剂量
的放射治疗，而肾脏是这方面的限制因素之一。”
尽管该研究仅描述了两年半内肾脏发生的变化，但它是目前最全面的数据。
Notes(注1)
A year on the International Space Station (ISS), for example, exposes
astronauts to a dose of radiation 50% higher than the five-year dose limit
for nuclear energy workers. The Inspiration 4 private space mission, which
flew above the ISS by 200km, exposed its crew to as much radiation as a
nine-month stint on the ISS in just three days. A year on the surface of Mars
would expose you to as much radiation as an eyewitness to the Hiroshima
atomic bomb, and a three-year return mission to Mars is estimated to be six
times that (or ~10,900 X-rays).
太空人在国际太空站 (ISS) 停留一年所受到的辐射剂量比核能工作人员五年剂量限值高
出 50%。灵感 4 号私人太空任务飞行距离国际太空站 200 公里，其机组人员在短短三天
内所受到的辐射相当于在国际太空站停留九个月的辐射量。在火星表面停留一年，你所受
到的辐射量相当于广岛原子弹目击者所受到的辐射量，而为期三年的火星返回任务估计会
受到六倍的辐射（或约 10,900 次 X 射线）。
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https://scitechdaily.com/could-your-kidneys-handle-a-trip-to-mars/
6.备注:
【火星异种2：全面肾亏】
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5e_-Ibf-iw