[爆卦] 耶路撒冷旁出土用于死灵术的骷髅头与油灯

楼主: STAV72 (刁民党党务主委)   2023-07-19 01:42:09
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/harvard-theological-review/article/
oil-lamps-spearheads-and-skulls-possible-evidence-of-necromancy-during-late-
antiquity-in-the-teomim-cave-judean-hills/973DF6E86AF609B8B4D1296D8292B8EB
https://reurl.cc/2LvE0a
Te'omim 洞穴是耶路撒冷山西边缘的一个大型复杂洞穴(见下图 )。十九世纪,当地居民
将其命名为 Mhâret Umm et Tûeimîn(“双胞胎母亲的洞穴”)。1873 年 10 月
17 日,西巴勒斯坦勘测局的 CR Conder 和 HH Kitchener对该洞穴进行了首次全面研究
。他们绘制了该洞穴的地图,并在其北端发现了一个深坑。

在之前的研究中,我们认为该洞穴是供奉冥界(地狱)神灵的。
在主室及其附属部分中发现了大量罗马晚期的油灯和硬币,以及拜占庭时期的陶器和其他
物品。从洞穴的空洞和缝隙中收集到了大约 120 盏保存完好的油灯,其历史可以追溯到
罗马晚期和拜占庭早期(公元二世纪末至四世纪)。

在对洞穴进行调查期间,在难以到达的裂缝内和中央洞室的大岩石下方发现了三个人类头
盖骨——靠近一个大凹陷,靠近洞穴内部的入口,靠近岩石切割水池。没有发现额外的人
类骨头和头盖骨。由于其中两个头盖骨是在裂缝中发现的,并且附近没有其他发现,因此
我们最初认为它们最初被放置在其他地方后被老鼠搬到了那里。第三个头盖骨是在一个难
以到达的缝隙中现场发现的(L. 3049),里面覆蓋著四盏公元三世纪和四世纪典型的当
地类型的陶瓷油灯。
这一发现支持了颅骨位置并非巧合的可能性。头盖骨和灯似乎是在一个时期(即罗马
晚期)故意放置在一起的,无论是谁把它们放在那里,都有一个单一的目的。
古典文献几乎没有提及头骨的祝圣或使用—可能是因为它们主要用于涉及死灵和与死者
沟通的秘密仪式,主要由女巫使用。这些仪式通常在坟墓或墓穴内进行。
但有时它们发生在nekyomanteion(或nekromanteion)—“死者的神谕”。这些神殿通常
位于洞穴中或靠近水源的地方,人们认为这些地方可能是通往地下世界的门户。这些洞穴
与珀尔塞福涅(Persephone)下降到冥界或塞伯鲁斯(Cerberus)从冥界崛起的传说有关

它们总是有一条通向地下世界的竖井,死者可以通过它复活。根据丹尼尔·奥格登的说法
,希腊罗马世界的几乎每个城市附近都有当地的死者神谕。然而,他认为当局并不认可这
些神殿或在其中举行的仪式,因此没有关于这个主题的铭文发现。因此,这些神社和仪式
很难确定。
在咒语集中的希腊纸莎草书中也提到了使用油灯进行死灵术或咨询灵魂和神灵。一个这样
的咒语,向神贝萨斯询问未来,包含以下对灯说出的魔法公式:“对灯说出的祷词:
‘我呼唤你,无头神,拥有他的神明的人。脸伏在脚上;你是那个投掷闪电、打雷的人,
你是那个不断向自己倾诉的人……”
在一些古典文献中,油灯与灵魂和死者有关。在他的《自然史》中,普林尼引用了一位
波斯魔术师奥斯坦尼斯 (Osthanes),他在公元前 5 世纪随薛西斯入侵希腊,并向希腊
人介绍了巫术和魔法,关于巫术中使用的配件:“正如奥斯坦尼斯所说,有几种魔法的
形式;他声称通过水、地球仪、空气、星星、灯、盆[碗(骨盆)]和斧头以及许多其他方
法进行占卜,此外还与鬼魂和地狱中的人交谈。
有趣的是,普林尼提到了魔法中斧头和灯的使用。事实上,在 Te 内部靠近轴的深裂缝
(L. 3004) 中发现了一把中青铜时代的斧头,以及一个杂耍、两个矛头和罗马晚期的陶瓷
油灯。奥米姆洞穴。
匕首和剑也与死灵术和占卜有关,例如在 3004 号和 3064 号地点与晚期罗马油灯一起发
现的中青铜时代的青铜匕首。它们的主要作用是保护信徒免受邪灵的侵害,并确保向被召
唤的特定邪灵提供的祭品不会被其他邪灵夺走。这些祭品可能包括古代葬礼上通常送给神
灵的物品。脚注67因此,当奥德修斯将祭品放入泰瑞西阿斯的竖井中时,他必须挥舞他的
剑对抗其他灵魂。这一场景出现在几幅罐画中。
Discussion
结论
The Te’omim Cave in the Jerusalem hills has all the cultic and physical
elements necessary to serve as a possible portal to the underworld. It is a
subterranean space with a deep shaft at one end; a spring flows in the cave,
and its waters are collected in a rock-cut pool; and there are traditions
attributing powers of fertility and healing to the cave. Based on the
discovery of oil lamps deposited in crevices throughout the cave, including
near the spring pool and the deep shaft, we suggested previously that
chthonic deities associated with the cycles of nature, life, and death were
worshiped in the cave in the Late Roman period. We also showed that evidence
of such a cult from the Late Roman period is found at several additional
sites throughout Judea.Footnote75 In this context, it is worth noting that a
cultic site seems to have existed in the Grotto of the Nativity in Bethlehem
from the time of Hadrian to the reign of Constantine.Footnote76 As the site
was consecrated to the local god Tammuz-Adonis, it seems that the cultic
traditions and ceremonies practiced there were those of the eastern part of
the empire and the Levant.
耶路撒冷山上的特奥米姆洞穴拥有作为通往地下世界的可能门户所需的所有宗教和物质元
素。这是一个地下空间,一端有一个深井;洞中有泉水流淌,泉水汇集在岩石凿成的水池
中。传统上认为洞穴具有生育和治愈的力量。根据在整个洞穴缝隙中(包括泉池和深井附
近)发现的油灯的发现,我们之前提出,在罗马晚期,洞穴中崇拜与自然、生命和死亡循
环相关的冥神。时期。我们还表明,在犹太地区的其他几个地点还发现了罗马晚期这种崇
拜的证据。
在这种情况下,值得注意的是,从哈德良时代到君士坦丁统治时期,伯利恒的圣诞石窟中
似乎存在一个祭祀场所。由于该遗址是供奉当地神塔木兹-阿多尼斯 (Tammuz-Adonis),
因此那里的祭祀传统和仪式似乎属于帝国东部和黎凡特地区的传统和仪式。
Most of the objects discovered in hard-to-reach crevices in the Te’omim
Cave, including the oil lamps, the ceramic and glass bowls and vessels, the
axe head, and the daggers, were used in one way or another for sorcery and
magic in caves perceived as possible portals to the underworld. Their purpose
was to predict the future and conjure up the spirits of the dead. Because
more than 100 ceramic oil lamps but only three human skulls have been found
so far in the Te’omim Cave, we hypothesize that the primary cultic ceremony
focused on depositing oil lamps for chthonic forces, perhaps as part of
rituals conducted in the cave to raise the dead and predict the future.
Nevertheless, the human skulls suggest another element of the cultic
ceremonies held there. Although most archaeological finds related to the
worship of human skulls in the Roman Empire are in Britain (see above), we
cannot conclude that Britons brought the practice to Palestine from the far
end of the empire. Rather, from the variety of aforementioned sources
(classical, Christian, and rabbinic) from the Late Roman period and beginning
of the Byzantine period (the time of the cultic practices in the Te’omim
Cave), it is clear that human skulls were used throughout the Roman Empire,
including in Palestine and the vicinity, in necromancy ceremonies and
communication with the dead. These ceremonies were conducted primarily in
burial caves and caves with possible portals to the underworld. Apparently,
the large number of human skulls deposited in Britain attests to the frequent
use of magic and necromancy in that region of the empire. This is reinforced
by Pliny’s comments about the spread of sorcery and magic throughout the
Roman Empire, especially to the Gallic provinces and Britain.Footnote77
在特奥米姆洞穴难以到达的裂缝中发现的大多数物品,包括油灯、陶瓷和玻璃碗和器皿、
斧头和匕首,都以某种方式用于巫术和洞穴中的魔法被认为是通往地下世界的可能门户。
他们的目的是预测未来并召唤死者的灵魂。由于迄今为止在 Te'omim 洞穴中发现了 100
多盏陶瓷油灯,但只发现了 3 个人类头骨,我们推测主要的祭祀仪式集中于为冥府力量
存放油灯,这可能是在洞穴中进行的宗教仪式的一部分。复活死者并预测未来。然而,人
类头骨暗示了那里举行的祭祀仪式的另一个元素。尽管大多数与罗马帝国人类头骨崇拜有
关的考古发现都在英国(见上文),但我们不能断定英国人将这种习俗从帝国的远端带到
了巴勒斯坦。相反,从罗马晚期和拜占庭时期初期(特奥米姆洞穴的崇拜活动时期)的上
述各种来源(古典、基督教和拉比)来看,很明显,使用了人类头骨在整个罗马帝国,包
括巴勒斯坦及其周边地区,用于死灵仪式和与死者的交流。这些仪式主要在埋葬洞穴和可
能有通往地下世界的入口的洞穴中进行。显然,存放的大量人类头骨证明了帝国该地区经
常使用魔法和死灵术。
In light of all this, we can propose with due caution that necromancy
ceremonies took place in the Te’omim Cave in the Late Roman period, and that
the cave may have served as a local oracle (nekyomanteion) for this purpose.
The Te’omim Cave is located approximately midway between the city of Aelia
Capitolina and Eleutheropolis, near the geographical boundary between the
Jerusalem hills and the Judean Shephelah. This location is in the heart of
the region populated by gentiles in the Late Roman period, after the failure
of the Bar Kokhba revolt.Footnote78 Consequently, and despite hints that the
practice existed to a limited extent even among the Jewish population, we
suggest that the participants in the cult in the cave were mainly non-Jewish
residents of the area.
鉴于这一切,我们可以谨慎地提出,死灵仪式在罗马晚期的特奥米姆洞穴中举行,并且该
洞穴可能为此目的充当了当地的神谕(nekyomanteion )。特奥米姆洞穴 (Te'omim
Cave) 大约位于埃利亚卡皮托利纳 (Aelia Capitolina) 市和埃柳塞罗波利斯
(Eleutheropolis) 之间的中间位置,靠近耶路撒冷山和朱迪亚谢菲拉 (Judean
Shephelah) 之间的地理边界。该地点位于罗马晚期巴尔科赫巴起义失败后外邦人居住地
区的中心。
因此,尽管有迹象表明这种做法即使在犹太人口中也存在有限程度,但我们认为洞穴邪教
的参与者主要是该地区的非犹太居民。
To sum up, the identification of the Te’omim Cave as a local oracle
(nekyomanteion) and the analysis of the archaeological assemblage is in our
opinion an outstanding test case worth examining within the developing
discipline of the “archaeology of magic.” The findings and their specific
archaeological contexts provide a better understanding of divination rites
that were probably held in the cave and shed a more tangible light over the
spells of the Greek and Demotic Magical Papyri.
总而言之,我们认为,将特奥米姆洞穴确定为当地神谕(nekyomanteion)以及对考古组
合的分析是“魔法考古学”发展学科中值得研究的杰出测试案例。这些发现及其具体的考
古背景使我们能够更好地了解可能在洞穴中举行的占卜仪式,并为希腊和通俗魔法纸莎草
纸的咒语提供了更具体的线索。

Links booklink

Contact Us: admin [ a t ] ucptt.com