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1.媒体来源:
外媒
2.记者署名:
By Harry Baker
3.完整新闻标题:
10 signs the sun is gearing up for its explosive peak — the solar maximum
Countdowns
4.完整新闻内文:
10 signs the sun is gearing up for its explosive peak — the solar maximum
Countdowns
By Harry Baker published about 23 hours ago
Some experts believe the upcoming solar maximum could be more active and
arrive sooner than previously expected. Here are 10 signs that they are right.
太阳即将迎来爆发高峰——太阳活动极大期的 10 个迹象
哈里·贝克发表大约 23 小时前
一些专家认为，即将到来的太阳活动极大期可能会更加活跃，并且比之前预期的更早到来
。这里有 10 个迹象表明他们是对的。
Roughly every 11 years, the sun slowly transitions from solar minimum, when
our star is a smooth and calm ball of plasma, to solar maximum, when it
becomes a chaotic, fiery mass littered with dark, planet-size sunspots that
spew out solar storms.
During solar maximum, the likelihood of Earth being bombarded by these
stellar storms goes up dramatically. And such solar storms can mess with
radio signals, power infrastructure, space missions and satellites in
low-Earth orbit.
Scientists initially believed the next solar maximum would likely arrive
sometime in 2025 and that the peak in solar activity would be just as
underwhelming as the last, below-average solar maximum. But in an explosive
twist, experts revealed to Live Science that the solar maximum could likely
arrive sooner and be more powerful than previously forecast.
大约每11年，太阳就会慢慢地从太阳极小期（当我们的恒星是一个光滑而平静的等离子体
球时）过渡到太阳极大期（当它变成一个混乱、炽热的物体，散布著行星大小的黑色黑子
，喷出太阳风暴） 。
在太阳活动极大期期间，地球被这些恒星风暴轰炸的可能性急剧上升。这种太阳风暴可能
会扰乱无线电信号、电力基础设施、太空任务和近地轨道上的卫星。
科学家们最初认为下一个太阳活动极大期可能会在 2025 年的某个时候到来，而太阳活动
的峰值将与上一次太阳活动极大期一样平淡无奇，低于平均水平。但在一个爆炸性的转折
中，专家们向《生活科学》透露，太阳活动极大期可能会比之前预测的更早到来，而且威
力更大。
From rising sunspot numbers to bizarre plasma structures and enormous solar
storms, here are 10 signs the solar maximum is closer than you think.
Rising sunspot numbers
从不断增加的太阳黑子数量到奇异的等离子体结构和巨大的太阳风暴，这里有 10 个迹象
，太阳活动极大期比您想像的更近。
太阳黑子数量不断上升
A time-lapse image of two major sunspot groups moving across the surface of
the sun between Dec. 2 and Dec. 27, 2022. (Image credit: nol nl
The main way scientists track solar cycle progression is by counting the
number of sunspots on our home star's surface. These dark patches are a sign
that the sun's magnetic field is getting tangled, which ramps up solar
activity.
But since the current solar cycle began, the number of visible sunspots on
the sun has far exceeded the number predicted by initial forecasts from
scientists at NASA and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA).
The observed number of sunspots has outpaced predictions for 27 months in a
row. The first major sunspot spike occurred in December 2022, when the sun
reached an eight-year sunspot peak. And in January 2023, scientists observed
more than twice as many sunspots as NASA and NOAA had predicted.
科学家追踪太阳周期进程的主要方法是计算我们恒星表面的太阳黑子数量。这些黑斑表明
太阳磁场正在变得混乱，从而加剧了太阳活动。
但自当前太阳周期开始以来，太阳上可见黑子的数量远远超过了美国宇航局和美国国家海
洋和大气管理局（NOAA）科学家 最初预测的数量。
观测到的太阳黑子数量已连续 27 个月超过预测。第一次重大太阳黑子峰值发生在 2022
年 12 月，当时太阳达到了八年来的太阳黑子峰值。2023 年 1 月，科学家观测到的太阳
黑子数量是 NASA 和 NOAA 预测的两倍多。
X-class flare frequency
A short video clip of a bright flash exploding from the sun's surface
A clip of an X-class solar flare erupting from the sun on Feb. 17 followed by
a 'solar tsunami' that is visible as a faint shockwave in the surrounding
region. (Image credit: NASA/Solar Dynamics Observatory)
Solar flares are bright flashes of light and radiation launched from
sunspots. Sometimes they're accompanied by enormous, magnetized clouds of
fast-moving particles, known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The most
powerful solar flares are X-class flares, which are the least common type,
followed by M-class and C-class blasts: All three happen more often during a
solar maximum.
The number of X-class flares is on the rise. There have already been eight of
these enormous flares in 2023, including a surprise X-class flare from the
sun's far side in January, and another in February that launched a CME
directly at Earth, triggering radio blackouts. In comparison, there were only
seven X-class flares in the whole of 2022 and two in 2021.
The total number of X-class, M-class and C-class flares has also spiked: In
2021, there were around 400 of these flares; in 2021, there were around
2,200; and so far in 2023, there have already been around 1,500, according to
SpaceWeatherLive.com.
X级耀斑频率
2 月 17 日，太阳爆发 X 级太阳耀斑的片段，随后引发了“太阳海啸”，在周围地区可
以看到微弱的冲击波。（图片来源：NASA/太阳动力学天文台）
太阳耀斑是从太阳黑子发射的明亮闪光和辐射。有时，它们伴随着巨大的、快速移动的磁
化粒子云云，称为日冕物质抛射（CME）。最强大的太阳耀斑是 X 级耀斑，这是最不常见
的类型，其次是 M 级和 C 级爆炸：这三种耀斑在太阳活动极大期期间发生的频率更高。
X级照明弹的数量正在增加。2023 年已经发生了 8 次巨大的耀斑，其中包括1 月份从太
阳远端发生的令人惊讶的 X 级耀斑，以及 2 月份的另一次，它直接向地球发射了日冕物
质抛射，引发了无线电中断。相比之下，2022 年全年只有 7 次 X 级耀斑，2021 年只
有 2 次。
X级、M级和C级照明弹的总数也激增：2021年，此类照明弹的数量约为400个；2021年，此
类照明弹的数量约为400个；2021年约为2,200个；据SpaceWeatherLive.com称，截至
2023 年，这一数字已达到约 1,500 个。
Geomagnetic storm bombardment
A blurry image of pink auroras on the horizon
Photographer Dakota Snider caught the auroras from his airplane window during
a G4 geomagnetic storm on March 24. (Image credit: Dakota Snider)
A geomagnetic storm is a disruption to Earth's magnetic field caused by CMEs
or solar wind bashing into the upper atmosphere. These storms often trigger
vibrant aurora displays.
Geomagnetic storms come in four classes, from the weakest, G1, up to the most
severe, G4. G3 and G4 storms can cause radio blackouts that blanket half of
the planet for several hours and cause problems for satellites in low-Earth
orbit.
So far in 2023, two G3 storms and three G4 storms have bombarded Earth. For
context, there were only two G3 storms and no G4 storms in 2022 and only one
of each in 2021, according to SpaceWeatherLive.com.
One of the 2023 storms, which occurred on March 24, was the most powerful
geomagnetic storm to hit Earth in more than six years and triggered auroras
across more than 30 U.S. states, as well as unusual optical phenomena
including the aurora-like phenomena STEVE in the U.S. and a blood red arc,
known as a stable auroral red arc (SAR), in Denmark.
地磁风暴轰击
地平线上粉红色极光的模糊图像
3 月 24 日，摄影师达科塔·斯奈德 (Dakota Snider) 在 G4 地磁风暴期间从飞机窗口
捕捉到了极光。（图片来源：达科塔·斯奈德）
地磁风暴是由日冕物质抛射或太阳风撞击高层大气引起的地球磁场破坏。这些风暴经常引
发充满活力的极光表演。
地磁风暴分为四级，从最弱的 G1 到最严重的 G4。G3 和 G4 风暴可能会导致无线电中断
，覆蓋半个地球几个小时，并导致近地轨道卫星出现问题。
2023年至今，已有两场G3风暴和三场G4风暴轰击地球。根据 SpaceWeatherLive.com 的数
据，2022 年只有两次 G3 风暴，没有 G4 风暴，2021 年各只有一次 G3 风暴。
其中一场发生在 3 月 24 日的 2023 年风暴是六年多来袭击地球的最强大的地磁风暴，
引发了美国 30 多个州的极光，以及不寻常的光学现象，包括史蒂夫在美国和丹麦的血红
弧，称为稳定极光红弧（SAR）。
Thermosphere temperatures rising
Pink and green auroras shine above trees
Vibrant auroras shine during a geomagnetic storm. (Image credit: Shutterstock)
The increase in geomagnetic storms has also caused temperatures to sharply
climb in the thermosphere — the second highest layer in the atmosphere.
Molecules of gas in the thermosphere absorb a storm's excess energy, then
emit that energy as infrared radiation, cooling the thermosphere back down.
But this year, because the storms are coming back to back, the gas has not
had a chance to cool, experts told Live Science.
The thermosphere naturally warms and cools in conjunction with the solar
cycle. But the peak temperature, which occurred in March, was the highest for
almost 20 years. This is a strong sign that the current solar cycle is more
active than the previous one.
As the thermosphere warms it also expands, which can create additional drag
for satellites in low-Earth orbit and pull them out of position. That
increases the odds of satellites colliding or falling out of orbit during the
solar maximum.
热层温度上升
磁暴期间，充满活力的极光闪耀。（图片来源：Shutterstock）
磁暴的增加还导致热层（大气中第二高层）的温度急剧攀升。
热层中的气体分子吸收风暴的多余能量，然后以红外辐射的形式释放该能量，从而使热层
冷却下来。但专家告诉《生活科学》杂志，今年，由于风暴接二连三，气体没有机会冷却
。
热层随着太阳周期自然变暖和变冷。但 3 月份出现的最高气温是近 20 年来的最高温度
。这是一个强烈的迹象，表明当前的太阳周期比上一个太阳周期更加活跃。
随着热层变暖，它也会膨胀，这会给近地轨道上的卫星产生额外的阻力，并将它们拉离原
来的位置。这增加了卫星在太阳活动极大期发生碰撞或脱离轨道的可能性。
Surprising solar eclipse image
A black and white image of the sun's corona peeking out from behind the moon
eclipsing the sun
A coronal mass ejection blasts out of the sun in the midst of a total solar
eclipse over Australia on Apr. 20, 2023. (Image credit: Petr Horálek, Josef
Kujal, Milan Hlavá
On April 20, a rare "hybrid eclipse" occurred in the sky above Australia,
which provided observers with a chance to look at the sun's corona, the
outermost part of the star's atmosphere, poking out from behind the moon in
the darkened sky.
During the eclipse, a group of photographers created a stunning composite
image composed of hundreds of shots of the event. Their image shows the
ghostly filaments of the corona, which were much larger than they expected.
This is another sign that the sun is closer to solar maximum than initially
thought.
To further highlight the sun's restless state, the star also happened to
belch out a large CME as the eclipse was taking place, which is clearly
visible in the image.
令人惊讶的日食图像
太阳日冕从月亮后面露出来的黑白图像，遮住了太阳
2023 年 4 月 20 日，澳大利亚上空发生日全食时，日冕物质从太阳中喷射出来。
4月20日，澳大利亚上空发生了一次罕见的日食，这让观测者有机会看到日冕，
即恒星大气层的最外层，在黑暗的天空中从月亮后面伸出来。
在日食期间，一群摄影师创作了一张由数百张事件照片组成的令人惊叹的合成图像。他们
的图像显示了日冕的幽灵般的细丝，它比他们预期的要大得多。这是太阳比最初想像的更
接近太阳活动极大期的另一个迹象。
为了进一步凸显太阳焦躁不安的状态，在日食发生时，这颗恒星还碰巧喷出了一个巨大的
日冕物质抛射，这在图像中清晰可见。
Towering solar tornado
A fiery tornado sticks out from the sun
A gigantic "solar tornado" towered above the sun's surface between March 15
and March 18. (Image credit: NASA/SDO/composite by Steve Spaleta)
As the sun's magnetic field becomes more tangled and unstable, the star's
plasma also becomes less constrained to the surface and can often erupt
without warning.
In March, such plasma fueled a gigantic "solar tornado" the size of 14 Earths
stacked on top of each other that raged on the sun's surface for three days.
The spinning cone formed when a horseshoe-shaped loop of plasma got caught in
a rapidly rotating magnetic field.
At its peak, the fiery twister reached 111,000 miles (178,000 kilometers)
above the sun's surface, which is around double the average size of
previously observed solar tornados.
高耸的太阳龙卷风
一场炽热的龙卷风从太阳中伸出
3月15日至18日期间，一场巨大的“太阳龙卷风”出现在太阳表面上方。（图片来源：
NASA/SDO/Steve Spaleta 合成）
随着太阳的磁场变得更加混乱和不稳定，恒星的等离子体也变得越来越不受表面的限制，
并且经常会在没有警告的情况下爆发。
今年三月，这种等离子体助长了一场巨大的“太阳龙卷风”，其大小相当于14个地球堆叠
在一起，在太阳表面肆虐了三天。当马蹄形的等离子体环陷入快速旋转的磁场中时，旋转
锥体就形成了。
在其巅峰时期，这场炽热的龙卷风达到了距太阳表面111,000英里（178,000公里）的高度
，大约是之前观测到的太阳龙卷风平均大小的两倍。
Fiery plasma waterfall
A wall of falling plasma rains down onto the sun with a black background
A close-up image of an enormous wall of falling plasma, known as a polar
crown prominence, above the solar surface on March 9. (Image credit: Eduardo
Schaberger Poupeau)
Scientists recently spotted another unusual sight on the sun's surface: a
"plasma waterfall," also known as a polar crown prominence (PCP), which rose
above the surface of the sun on March 9 before raining plasma back onto the
star.
PCPs are mini eruptions that get trapped by the sun's magnetic field and
pulled back toward the solar surface before they can escape into space. These
rare waterfalls only form near the sun's magnetic poles, where the star's
magnetic field is strongest.
At its peak, the PCP reached 62,000 miles (100,000 km) above the sun's
surface, which is the equivalent of eight Earths stacked on top of each other.
炽热的等离子瀑布
一堵落下的等离子墙像雨点一样落到黑色背景的太阳上
3 月 9 日，太阳表面上方的巨大等离子体墙（被称为极冠日珥）的特写图像。（图片来
源：Eduardo Schaberger Poupeau）
科学家最近在太阳表面发现了另一个不寻常的景象：“等离子体瀑布”，也称为极冠日珥
（PCP），它于 3 月 9 日升到太阳表面上方，然后将等离子体雨滴回到恒星上。
PCP是一种小型喷发，在逃逸到太空之前会被太阳磁场捕获并拉回到太阳表面。这些罕见
的瀑布仅在太阳磁极附近形成，那里的恒星磁场最强。
在其巅峰时期，PCP 达到距太阳表面 62,000 英里（100,000 公里）的高度，相当于八个
地球堆叠在一起。
Enormous polar vortex
A picture of the sun with a filament of plasma looped around its north pole
like a halo
A satellite image shows a looping filament of plasma breaking off of the sun
and forming a vortex around the star's north pole on Feb. 2. (Image credit:
NASA/ Solar Dynamics Observatory)
Continuing the trend of bizarre plasma phenomena, on Feb. 2, a gigantic halo
of rapidly rotating plasma, dubbed a "polar vortex," swirled around the sun's
north pole for around eight hours.
The never-before-seen vortex was created when a massive tentacle of plasma
snapped apart in the sun's atmosphere and fell back toward the sun, similar
to how a PCP forms. But scientists don't know exactly why the plasma stayed
above the sun's surface for so long.
At the time, experts noted that weird plasma events like this tend to happen
around a solar maximum.
巨大的极涡
一张太阳的照片，等离子体丝像光环一样围绕着北极
卫星图像显示，2 月 2 日，一条环形等离子体丝从太阳中脱离出来，并在恒星北极周围
形成了一个漩涡。（图片来源：NASA/太阳动力学天文台）
2月2日，奇怪的等离子体现象继续发展，一个巨大的快速旋转等离子体光环，被称为“极
地涡旋”，围绕太阳北极旋转了大约八个小时。
当巨大的等离子体触手在太阳大气层中破裂并落回太阳时，就会产生这种前所未见的漩涡
，类似于PCP的形成方式。但科学家们并不确切知道为什么等离子体会在太阳表面停留这
么长时间。
当时，专家指出，像这样奇怪的等离子体事件往往发生在太阳活动极大期前后。
Butterfly CME
A video clip of the butterfly-shaped plasma explosion.
A time-lapse of the butterfly CME's quickly-unfurling plasma wings. (Image
credit: NASA/Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)
The number of CMEs shooting out of the sun has increased alongside the rise
in the number of solar flares. But one of the most visually striking examples
was an enormous "butterfly" CME that erupted on March 10.
The "butterfly wings" appeared because the CME exploded on the sun's far
side, meaning a large proportion of the blast was out of view. As a result,
experts are unsure how powerful the blast really was.
Luckily, the CME was pointed away from Earth. However, experts predicted that
the cosmic cloud may have bashed into Mercury and potentially sheared off
dust and gas from the closest planet to the sun because of its weak magnetic
field.
蝶状CME
蝴蝶形等离子体爆炸的影片片段。
蝴蝶 CME 快速展开的等离子翅膀的延时拍摄。（图片来源：NASA/太阳和日光层观测站）
随着太阳耀斑数量的增加，从太阳射出的日冕物质抛射数量也随之增加。但最引人注目的
例子之一是3 月 10 日爆发的 巨大“蝴蝶”日冕物质抛射。
“蝴蝶翅膀”的出现是因为日冕物质抛射在太阳的远端爆炸，这意味着爆炸的很大一部分
是看不见的。因此，专家们不确定爆炸的威力到底有多大。
幸运的是，日冕物质抛射的指向远离地球。然而，专家预测，宇宙云可能会撞击水星，并
可能由于其弱磁场而从距离太阳最近的行星上消耗掉尘埃和气体。
1 million-mile-long plasma plume
A massive plume of plasma stick out from the side of the sun
A false-color composite image of a coronal mass ejection, measuring around 1
million miles in length, firing away from the sun on Sept. 24, 2022. (Image
credit: Andrew McCarthy)
One of the earliest signs that solar activity was beginning to ramp up was a
gigantic plume of plasma that launched into space following a CME in
September 2022.
Astrophotographer Andrew McCarthy captured the plume in a stunningly detailed
composite image that merged hundreds of thousands of individual shots. The
enormous fiery column reached around 1 million miles (1.6 million km) above
the sun's surface and traveled at a speed of around 100,000 mph (161,000
km/h).
"We'll see more of these as we head further into solar maximum," McCarthy
told Live Science at the time. The plasma plumes are also likely to get
"progressively larger," he added.
100万英里长的等离子羽流
巨大的等离子羽流从太阳的一侧伸出
2022 年 9 月 24 日，日冕物质抛射的着色合成图像，长度约为 100 万英里，远离太阳
。（图片来源：安德鲁·麦卡锡）
太阳活动开始增强的最早迹象之一是2022 年 9 月日冕物质抛射后，一股巨大的等离子体
羽流发射到太空。
天体摄影师安德鲁·麦卡锡在一张极其详细的合成图像中捕捉到了羽流，该图像融合了数
十万张单独的照片。巨大的火柱到达太阳表面上方约100万英里（160万公里）处，并以约
100,000英里/小时（161,000公里/小时）的速度行进。
“当我们进一步进入太阳活动极大期时，我们将会看到更多这样的现象，”麦卡锡当时告
诉《生活科学》。他补充说，等离子体羽流也可能变得“逐渐变大”。
5.完整新闻连结 (或短网址)不可用YAHOO、LINE、MSN等转载媒体:
https://reurl.cc/51vajV
6.备注:
哇！超热闹的，
2025太阳活动极大期/同年日本邪神大集结魔界大转世+2026/2027赤马红羊劫
https://disp.cc/b/Gossiping/gcPl
没想到这连段技能挺流畅的
上次的遗迹倒是还在，包括皆神山以及苇岳山金字塔、太古神都・十和田高原、
飞驒・位山王朝之巨石群跟七星山，好像也是差不多的地质大崩坏的留存遗迹。
http://newidea.org.tw/pdf/P15.pdf