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1.媒体来源:
外媒 SMARTNEWS
2.记者署名:
By Livia Gershon
3.完整新闻标题:
Archaeologists Unearth Ancient Dagger Linked to Enigmatic Indian Civilization
考古学家发掘出与神秘的印度文明有关的古代匕首
4.完整新闻内文:
Archaeologists Unearth Ancient Dagger Linked to Enigmatic Indian Civilization
考古学家发掘出与神秘的印度文明有关的古代匕首
https://imgur.com/HHQTKp3
A blade found in the state of Tamil Nadu offers new evidence of an urban
center that thrived as long as 2,500 years ago
在泰米尔纳德邦发现的刀片提供了一个新的证据，证明城市中心在 2500 年前就已经繁荣
发展
This iron dagger's well-preserved wooden handle may help researchers date
artifacts found in Konthagai. (Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology)
这把铁匕首保存完好的木柄可能有助于研究人员确定出土文物的年代。
By Livia Gershon
SMITHSONIANMAG.COM
AUGUST 11, 2021
Archaeologists working in the village of Konthagai in southern India have
found a rusted iron dagger preserved in a burial urn alongside skeletal
remains, the Times of India reports. The discovery is part of a major
excavation effort in the state of Tamil Nadu that seeks to shine a light on
the ancient Keeladi civilization.
在印度南部孔塔盖村工作的考古学家发现了一把生锈的铁匕首，保存在遗骸旁边的骨灰
盒中。这一发现是泰米尔纳德邦主要挖掘工作的一部分，旨在揭示古老的基拉迪文明。
Though the dagger’s 16-inch steel blade was rusted and broken in half, part
of its wooden handle remained intact. R. Sivanandam, director of the Tamil
Nadu Department of Archaeology, tells the Hindu that this type of weapon was
used by warriors during the Sangam period, which spanned roughly the third
century B.C.E. through the third century C.E.
尽管匕首的 16 英寸钢刀片生锈并断成两半，但它的部分木柄仍然完好无损。泰米尔纳德
邦考古学部主任 R. Sivanandam告诉印度教徒 ，这种武器在Sangam 时期被战士使用，大
约跨越公元前三世纪到公元三世纪
The wood’s unusual preservation may allow researchers to precisely date
artifacts found at the site. Sivanandam says a lab in the United States will
attempt to date the dagger handle.
木材的完好保存可能使研究人员能够准确地确定在该地点发现的文物的年代。西瓦南丹
说，美国的一个实验室将尝试确定匕首柄的年代。
Since the start of the digging season in February, archaeologists in
Konthagai have discovered 25 burial urns. Some were filled with bones,
weapons and other objects. Scientists at Madurai Kamaraj University in Tamil
Nadu are conducting DNA tests on the human remains.
自 2 月挖掘季节开始以来，考古学家已经发现了 25 个骨灰盒。有些装满了骨头、武器
和其他物体。泰米尔纳德邦马杜赖卡马拉吉大学的科学家正在对人类遗骸进行 DNA 测试。
As the Times notes, the researchers think that Konthagai was a burial site
for the Keeladi civilization. Teams are also excavating ancient Keeladi sites
in the villages of Agaram, Manulur and Keeladi—the place that gives the
civilization its name.
Per the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology, carbon dating of artifacts
dated some to as early as 580 B.C.E. The digs have yielded large numbers of
cow, ox, buffalo and goat skeletons, suggesting agricultural activity by the
ancient Keeladi people. Archaeologists have also found structures with clay
floors; brick walls; and post-holes, which may have held wooden poles used to
support roofs. Artifacts recovered at the site show that members of the
civilization played board games and inscribed letters on pottery using the
Tamil-Brahmi script.
根据泰米尔纳德邦考古部门的说法，一些文物的碳年代测定法可以追溯到公元前 580 年
。这些挖掘已经产生了大量的牛、牛、水牛和山羊的骨骼，表明古代基拉迪人的农业活动
。考古学家还发现了粘土地板结构。砖墙; 和柱孔，这些柱孔可能用来支撑用于支撑屋顶
的木杆。在现场发现的文物表明，该文明的成员玩棋盘游戏并使用泰米尔-婆罗米文字在
陶器上刻上字母。
https://imgur.com/GYmcUEi
The Keeladi civilization may be linked to the famed Indus Valley, or
Harappan, civilization. (Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology)
Keeladi 文明可能与著名的印度河流域或 Harappan 文明有关。
（泰米尔纳德邦考古部）
Many discoveries made in the area date to around 500 B.C., when an
agricultural surplus allowed people to build urban centers in what’s known
as the subcontinent’s “second urbanization.” (The name reflects a contrast
with the much earlier “first urbanization” of the Harappan, or Indus
Valley, civilization, which began around 2500 B.C.E.) While scholars
previously believed that the second urbanization happened mostly along the
Central Ganges Plain in northern India, the new evidence suggests a similar
phenomenon occurred in the south as well.
该地区的许多发现可以追溯到公元前 500 年左右，当时农业收获使人们能够在所谓的次
大陆“第二次城市化”中建造城市中心。（该名称反映了与早在公元前 2500 年左右开始
的哈拉帕文明或印度河流域文明的“第一次城市化”形成鲜明对比）虽然学者们之前认为
第二次城市化主要发生在印度北部的恒河中部平原，但新的证据表明南方也发生了类似的
现象。
Sivanandam tells DT Next’s J. Praveen Paul Joseph that findings at the
Keeladi sites show evidence of ancient industrial production sites.
Archaeologists have found spinning and weaving tools, cloth dyeing
operations, brick kilns, and ceramic workshops.
遗址的发现显示了古代工艺品生产遗址的证据。考古学家发现了纺纱和编织工具、布料
染色操作、砖窑和陶瓷作坊。
In 2019, M.C. Rajan of the Hindustan Times reported that discoveries at
Keeladi suggest the community that lived there—also referred to as the
Vaigai civilization after a nearby river—may have descended from the
Harappan civilization. As it declined, its people may have traveled south to
start new lives.
2019 年，《印度斯坦时报》的 MC Rajan报导说，在 Keeladi 的发现表明，居住在那里
的社区——也被称为附近河流后的 Vaigai 文明——可能是哈拉帕文明的后裔。随着它的
衰落，它的人民可能已经向南旅行开始新的生活。
The findings also offer material evidence about the Sangam period, which is
known mainly for its Tamil literature. Based on the archaeological evidence,
some researchers now say the Sangam period began earlier than previously
thought, around 600 B.C.E.
调查结果还提供了关于 Sangam 时期的物质证据，该时期主要以其泰米尔文学而闻名。根
据考古证据，一些研究人员现在说 Sangam 时期的开始时间比以前认为的要早，大约在公
元前 600 年。
T. Udayachandran, secretary of the state archaeological department, told the
Hindustan Times that the civilization was “an Indigenous, well developed
self-sustaining urban culture with an industry and script, indicating that
the people of that era were highly literate.”
该文明是“一种本土的、发达的、自给自足的城市文化，具有手工业和文字，表明那个
时代的人具有很高的文化水平。”
5.完整新闻连结 (或短网址):
https://is.gd/Dworo2
6.备注:
出土地点接近印度古国朱罗王朝(约两百年后连同哲罗和潘地亚三分基拉迪王朝)，
《大唐西域记卷第十》称为珠利耶国。
珠利耶国，周二千四五百里。国大都城周十余里。土野空旷，薮泽荒芜。居户寡少，群盗
公行。气序温暑，风俗奸宄。人性犷烈，崇信外道。伽蓝颓毁，粗有僧徒。天祠数十所，
多露形外道也。
城东南不远有窣堵波，无忧王之所建也。如来在昔曾于此处现大神通，说深妙法，摧伏外
道，度诸天人。
城西不远有故伽蓝，提婆菩萨与罗汉论议之处。初，提婆菩萨闻此伽蓝有嗢呾罗阿罗汉，
得六神通，具八解脱，遂来远寻，观其风范。既至伽蓝，投罗汉宿。罗汉少欲知足，唯置
一床。提婆既至，无以为席，乃聚落叶，指令就坐。罗汉入定，夜分方出。提婆于是陈疑
请决，罗汉随难为释，提婆寻声重质，第七转已，杜口不酬，窃运神通力，往覩史多天请
问慈氏。慈氏为释，因而告曰：“彼提婆者，旷劫修行，贤劫之中，当绍佛位，非尔所知
，宜深礼敬。”如弹指顷，还复本座，乃复抑扬妙义，剖析微言。提婆谓曰：“此慈氏
菩萨圣智之释也，岂仁者所能详究哉？”罗汉曰：“然，如来旨。”于是避席礼谢，深加
敬叹。