※ 引述《neiltsang (楚留香鸡排)》之铭言：
: 疴 来问个有没有历史王R
: 之前看到狮王之路 讲说狮子集团靠合作打天下ㄉ故事
: 突然觉得很奇妙 野外那么多动物体型超大
: 长颈鹿可以一千公斤欸 襙 好大!!
: 那些动物他们又会跑 又会打斗 人类的奥运对他们来说就是笑话
: 为什么所谓智慧能够打败他们啊 其实很奇怪ㄅ?
: 就因为人类有语言?就因为人类的手比较灵活?因为我们的脑比较发达?
: 每次想到我们建立文化跟社会 一座一座大楼跟文字语言 还有传播资讯
: 就觉得这根本是宇宙奇蹟吧....
: 文化对于食物链的顶端地位有这么了不起的作用喔 很难想像ㄟ
: 有没有演化学家还是什么历史王 八卦板达尔文来解释一下??
: 人类争霸的关键点是什么?枪枝?
花惹几秒搜寻 很快就看到答案:
答案是
"合作"
"非常多数群体的合作"
"建构信任(共同价值)的合作"
Why humans run the world | Yuval Noah Harari
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzj7Wg4DAbs
很棒的演讲 很有趣 也才刚好 17分钟 听完了
大致做一点简单翻译的分享~~轻松翻 随便翻就不要太挑剔惹 给有兴趣知道
"为什么人类可以胜出"ㄉ人来参考
70,000 years ago humans were insignificant animals. The most important thing to
know about prehistoric humans is that they were unimportant. Their impact on
the world was very small, less than that of jellyfish, woodpeckers or
bumblebees.
要知道70000年前啊
史前人类的重要性 影响力低到靠北 比水母 啄木鸟 大黄蜂都还烂
Today, however, humans control this planet. How did we reach from there to here
? What was our secret of success, that turned us from insignificant apes
minding their own business in a corner of Africa, into the rulers of the world?
现在人类掌管整个地球 人类是怎么从Africa的角落发源 到可以统治全世界的?
We often look for the difference between us and other animals on the individual
level. We want to believe that there is something special about the human body
or human brain that makes each individual human vastly superior to a dog, or a
pig, or a chimpanzee. But the fact is that one-on-one, humans are
embarrassingly similar to chimpanzees. If you place me and a chimpanzee
together on a lone island, to see who survives better, I would definitely place
my bets on the chimp.
我们常觉得是结构上人类优于其他生物 例如脑子 身体
相信是这些让我们的"个体"优于狗狗或猪 或猩猩 而事实上要是玩一对一的个体比较
人类跟猩猩的相似程度会让人尴尬 如果你把猩猩跟人类丢到孤岛 观察谁较擅于生存
我百分之百会押注猩猩(幽默XD~)
The real difference between us and other animals is on the collective level.
Humans control the world because we are the only animal that can cooperate
flexibly in large numbers. Ants and bees can also work together in large
numbers, but they do so in a very rigid way. If a beehive is facing a new
threat or a new opportunity, the bees cannot reinvent their social system
overnight in order to cope better. They cannot, for example, execute the queen
and establish a republic. Wolves and chimpanzees cooperate far more flexibly
than ants, but they can do so only with small numbers of intimately known
individuals. Among wolves and chimps, cooperation is based on personal
acquaintance. If I am a chimp and I want to cooperate with you, I must know you
personally: What kind of chimp are you? Are you a nice chimp? Are you an evil
chimp? How can I cooperate with you if I don’t know you?
其实人类与其他生物真正的差异 在于群体
我们能够掌握世界是因为我们是唯一有大量群体 能够弹性合作的能力
蚂蚁跟蜜蜂都可以大量的合作 可是就不够弹性 他们太死板了
如果蜂窝有什么威胁或新的机会
蜜蜂他们没有办法快速的改变社会的系统 去面对新情况
举例来说 他们没办法对蜂后处以死刑或是建立共和国
野狼跟猩猩在合作上能拥有的弹性比较大 但是合作数量太少了 而且要很熟识
他们的合作基础建立在个体之间亲近度上
如果我今天是要跟你合作的猩猩 我必须要知道你的个性:"你是哪种猩猩呢?"
"好猩猩还是邪恶坏猩猩?"
如果我根本不认识你 要怎么跟你合作?
Only Homo sapiens can cooperate in extremely flexible ways with countless
numbers of strangers. One-on-one or ten-on-ten, chimpanzees may be better than
us. But pit 1,000 Sapiens against 1,000 chimps, and the Sapiens will win easily
, for the simple reason that 1,000 chimps can never cooperate effectively. Put
100,000 chimps in Wall Street or Yankee Stadium, and you’ll get chaos. Put 100
,000 humans there, and you’ll get trade networks and sports contests.
人类是唯一能够大量而且弹性合作的物种 以个体对个体 或是10对10来看的话
猩猩可能还是优于人类 但是对上1000个数量时 人类要获胜就会轻而易举
很简单的原因 是因为猩猩们将会无法有效的合作:
如果有100,000个猩猩在华尔街 或是 洋基体育场 绝对会是一片混乱
然而若是100,000个人类的话 你会得到交易网络 还有运动比赛
Cooperation is not always nice, of course. All the terrible things humans have
been doing throughout history are also the product of mass cooperation. Prisons
, slaughterhouses and concentration camps are also systems of mass cooperation.
Chimpanzees don’t have prisons, slaughterhouses or concentration camps.
当然合作不是一直都很良好的 历史上很多坏事也是透过群体大量合作产生的
监狱 屠宰场 集中营 这些系统都是大量合作
猩猩们没有这些东西
Yet how come humans alone of all the animals are capable of cooperating
flexibly in large numbers, be it in order to play, to trade or to slaughter?
The answer is our imagination. We can cooperate with numerous strangers because
we can invent fictional stories, spread them around, and convince millions of
strangers to believe in them. As long as everybody believes in the same
fictions, we all obey the same laws, and can thereby cooperate effectively.
但是人们要怎么在大量群体中能够跟其他人弹性的合作 以至于玩乐 交易 屠宰?
答案是想像力!
我们可以跟大量陌生人合作 是因为我们创造了虚构的故事 散播那些故事
说服所有陌生人相信那些故事 只要所有人类都接受同一个虚构的内容
我们就能够服从相同的规定 因此能够有效的合作
This is something only humans can do. You can never convince a chimpanzee to
give you a banana by promising that after he dies, he will go to Chimpanzee
Heaven and there receive countless bananas for his good deeds. No chimp will
ever believe such a story. Only humans believe such stories. This is why we
rule the world, whereas chimps are locked up in zoos and research laboratories.
这就是人类才能够办到的事 你不可能说服猩猩给你香蕉
仅借由跟他承诺说 你死掉以后 你会上猩猩天堂 在那边会有超多香蕉这种美事
没有猩猩会相信这个故事 只有人类才会相信这种内容(有点讽刺宗教XD~)
这就是为什么人类能够掌管世界 而猩猩被锁在动物园里跟实验室中
It is relatively easy to accept that religious networks of cooperation are
based on fictional stories. People build a cathedral together or go on crusade
together because they believe the same stories about God and Heaven. But the
same is true of all other types of large-scale human cooperation. Take for
example our legal systems. Today, most legal systems are based on a belief in
human rights. But human rights are a fiction, just like God and Heaven. In
reality, humans have no rights, just as chimps or wolves have no rights. Cut
open a human, and you won’t find there any rights. The only place where human
rights exist is in the stories we invent and tell one another. Human rights may
be a very attractive story, but it is only a story.
宗教性的网络合作是建立在虚构的故事上 这是相对容易的理解的
人类会群聚建筑大教堂或是会有十字军东征 都是因为他们相信神与天堂的虚构故事
但这原则同样在人类其他种类的大量合作中也成立
就以法律系统来说 今天大多数的法律系统都是建筑在人权上
但是人权是虚构的东西 就跟上帝还有天堂没有两样
在现实中 人类根本没有人权这种东西 就像猩猩跟野狼也没有权力一样
剖开人类的脑子 你不会找到人权这种东西
人权只存在于我们发明然后散播的故事中 也许它是个很吸引人的故事
但也只是个故事而已
The same mechanism is at work in politics. Like gods and human rights, nations
are fictions. A mountain is something real. You can see it, touch it, smell it.
But the United States or Israel are not a physical reality. You cannot see
them, touch them or smell them. They are just stories that humans invented and
then became extremely attached to.
政治上也是一样的机制 就像上帝跟人权 国家也是虚构的
山是真的 你可以看到 摸到 甚至闻到 但是美国或是以色列在物理现实不存在
你无法看到他们 也无法触摸与闻到 它们就只是人类创造的故事
被大量群体连系起来
It is the same with economic networks of cooperation. Take a dollar bill, for
example. It has no value in itself. You cannot eat it, drink it or wear it. But
now come along some master storytellers like the Chair of the Federal Reserve
and the President of the United States, and convince us to believe that this
green piece of paper is worth five bananas. As long as millions of people
believe this story, that green piece of paper really is worth five bananas. I
can now go to the supermarket, hand a worthless piece of paper to a complete
stranger whom I have never met before, and get real bananas in return. Try
doing that with a chimpanzee.
经济网络的连系也是一样的 拿钞票来举例 本身钞票没有价值
你无法吃它 喝它 或是穿它 但是我们有很好的故事家 像是美联储(Fed)的主席
还有美国的总统 他们说服所有人相信这绿色的纸能等值于五个香蕉
只要数以百万的人相信这个故事 这张绿色的纸就能真的有价值
我现在能够去超市 把这张本身没意义的纸 递给另一个我从来没遇过的陌生人
得到五个香蕉作为回报 试着在猩猩中做这件事吧(办不到~)
Indeed, money is probably the most successful fiction ever invented by humans.
Not all people believe in God, or in human rights, or in the United States of
America. But everybody believes in money, and everybody believes in the dollar
bill. Even Osama bin Laden. He hated American religion, American politics and
American culture — but he was quite fond of American dollars. He had no
objection to that story.
说实在话 钱应该是人类创造最成功的虚构故事 不是每个人都相信上帝
相信人权 或是美国这个国家 但是每一个人都相信钱的价值 每个人都相信钞票
就连宾拉登也是 他痛恨美国的信仰 美国政治与美国文化 但是他很爱美钞
连他都服从这个虚假的故事
To conclude, whereas all other animals live in an objective world of rivers,
trees and lions, we humans live in dual world. Yes, there are rivers, trees and
lions in our world. But on top of that objective reality, we have constructed
a second layer of make-believe reality, comprising fictional entities such as
the European Union, God, the dollar and human rights.
总结来说 其他动物都生活在真实世界中 像是河川 树林 狮群
当然 河川 树林 狮群也在人类的世界里
但是除了客观的现实 我们建构了第二层让人相信的现实 构成虚构的实体
就像是欧盟 上帝 还有钱 以及人权
And as time passes, these fictional entities have become ever more powerful, so
that today they are the most powerful forces in the world. The very survival
of trees, rivers and animals now depends on the wishes and decisions of
fictional entities such as the United States and the World Bank — entities
that exist only in our own imagination.
随着时间经过 这些虚构的实体越来越有影响力 到今天他们是最有力量的影响
那些存留的树林 河川 还有动物们 现在需要依赖著虚构的实体的期望与决策
就像是美国 或是世界银行 这些"实体"都只存在于人类的想像里