美国《国家利益》:中国拥有世界第二强海军
https://goo.gl/vxwn7U
It’s a universal truth handed down since antiquity: a country with a
coastline has a navy. Big or small, navies worldwide have the same basic
mission—to project military might into neighboring waters and beyond.
The peacetime role of navies has been more or less the same for thousands of
years. Navies protect the homeland, keep shipping routes and lines of
communication open, show the flag and deter adversaries. In wartime, a navy
projects naval power in order to deny the enemy the ability to do the same.
This is achieved by attacking enemy naval forces, conducting amphibious
landings, and seizing control of strategic bodies of water and landmasses.
The role of navies worldwide has expanded in the past several decades to
include new missions and challenges. Navies are now responsible for a nation’
s strategic nuclear deterrent, defense against ballistic missiles, space
operations, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. With that in mind,
here are the five most powerful navies in the world.
自古以来，这是一个普遍的真理：一个海岸线的国家有海军。大小的世界各地的海军都有
相同的基本使命 - 将军事力量投入邻近的水域和其他地区。
几千年来，海军的和平角色已经或多或少是相同的。海军保卫祖国，保持航线和通信线路
畅通，展示旗帜并阻止对手。在战争时期，一艘海军投射海军力量，以抵制敌人做同样的
能力。这是通过攻击敌方海军，进行两栖登陆，抓住对海陆战略目标的控制来实现的。
过去几十年来，全球海军的作用已经扩大，包括新的使命和挑战。海军现在负责一个国家
的战略核威慑，防御弹道导弹，空间作战，人道主义援助和救灾。考虑到这一点，这里是
世界上五大最强大的海军。
只节录中国
China
The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has come a long way in the last 25
years. The spectacular growth of the Chinese economy, which fueled a tenfold
defense-budget increase since 1989, has funded a modern navy. From a
green-water navy consisting of obsolete destroyers and fast attack boats, the
PLAN has grown into a true blue-water fleet.
The PLAN currently has one aircraft carrier, three amphibious transports, 25
destroyers, 42 frigates, eight nuclear attack submarines and approximately 50
conventional attack submarines. The PLAN is manned by 133,000 personnel,
including the Chinese Marine Corps, which consists of two brigades of 6,000
marines each.
The People’s Liberation Army Navy Air Force provides fixed-wing aircraft and
helicopters for China’s new aircraft carrier, helicopters for surface ships,
and shore-based fighter, attack and patrol aircraft. The PLANAF has 650
aircraft, including J-15 carrier-based fighters, J-10 multirole fighters, Y-8
maritime patrol aircraft, and Z-9 antisubmarine warfare aircraft.
China’s first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, deserves special attention. It
was commissioned into service in 2012. Originally built for the Soviet Navy,
after the end of the Cold War, Liaoning’s unfinished hull languished in a
Ukrainian shipyard. Purchased by a PLA front company, the ship was towed back
to China where it spent nearly a decade being refitted. Liaoning is expected
to function as a training carrier as China grows accustomed to the complex
world of carrier operations.
The People’s Liberation Army Navy is well into the process of modernizing
its amphibious capability, having commissioned three Type 071 amphibious
platform dock ships. Each Type 071 LPD can carry from 500 to 800 Chinese
marines and 15 to 18 vehicles, and can get troops ashore via hovercraft
patterned on the American LCAC and Z-8 medium transport helicopters. China is
also reportedly planning on building amphibious assault ships with
full-length flight decks along the lines of the American Wasp-class. A total
of six Type 071s and six of the new amphibious assault ships are rumored to
be planned.
China’s submarine force is a decidedly mixed bag, with up to 60 submarines
of varying quality. The core of the force consists of three Shang-class
nuclear attack submarines, nine Yuan, 14 Song and 10 Improved Kilo submarines
imported from Russia. China’s ballistic-missile submarine fleet is made up
of three Jin-class missile submarines with a fourth (and possibly fifth)
under construction. It is thought the South China Sea will eventually be used
as a bastion for China’s sea-based nuclear deterrent.
The PLAN continues to grow and learn. At least two more aircraft carriers are
planned, and China’s carriers could eventually number up to five. In
addition to carrier operations, the PLAN is also learning how to conduct
extended voyages through its contribution to the international antipiracy
effort off the Horn of Africa. China has sent 17 naval task forces to the
region, rotating in ships and crews to learn long-distance ship-handling
skills.
no.2中国
中国人民解放军海军在过去25年中取得了长足的进步。自1989年以来，中国经济的壮大增
长推动了国防预算增长了十倍，为现代海军提供了资金。由过时的驱逐舰和快速攻击艇组
成的绿水海军，计划已经发展成为一个真正的蓝水舰队。
该计划目前拥有一架航空母舰，三艘两栖运输，25艘驱逐舰，42艘护卫舰，8艘核攻击潜
艇和约50架常规攻击潜艇。该计划由133,000人组成，其中包括中国海军陆战队，由两个
海军陆战队组成的两个旅
解放军海军空军为中国新航空母舰，水面舰艇直升机和岸基战斗机，攻击和巡逻飞机提供
固定翼飞机和直升机。PLANAF有650架飞机，其中包括J-15载体战斗机，J-10多功能战机
， Y-8型海上巡逻机和Z-9反潜战机。
中国第一航空母舰 辽宁值得特别关注。它于2012年投入使用。最初为苏联海军建造，
冷战结束后， 辽宁的未完成的船体在乌克兰造船厂受挫。由解放军前线公司采购，该船
被拖回中国，近十年改装。预计辽宁将作为中国的培训载体。
中国人民解放军海军正在进入两栖能力现代化进程，委托了三架071型两栖登陆舰。
每种071型LPD都可以携带500到800名中国海军陆战队和15至18辆车，并可以通过美国LCAC
和Z-8中型运输直升机上的气垫船上岸。据报中国还计划沿着美国黄蜂级线建造具有全长
驾驶舱的两栖攻击舰 。据传，共计六类071型和六艘新型两栖攻击舰赞正计划建造。
中国的潜艇部队是一个完全混合的组合，多达60艘不同质量的潜艇。力量的核心包括三艘
商级核攻击潜艇，9艘元级，14艘宋级和从俄罗斯进口10艘改进基洛潜艇。中国的弹道
导弹潜艇舰队是由三艘晋级导弹核潜艇与第四（也可能是第五）正在建设中。据认为，
南海将最终成为中国海基核威慑的堡垒。
计划继续发展和学习。计划至少还有两架航空母舰，中国航空公司最终可能达五架。除了
航空公司的运营之外，计划也正在通过对非洲之角国际反盗版活动的贡献，学习如何进行
延续航行。中国派遣了 17个海军特遣部队 到该地区，轮船和乘务人员学习长途船舶处
理技能。