1.媒体来源:
BBC NEWS
2.完整新闻标题:
MS-13 gang: The story behind one of the world's most brutal street gangs
世界上最凶残的帮派 - MS-13 背后的故事
3.完整新闻内文:
原文:
The latest was a mass murder on Monday on Long Island, where the bodies of
four males, including three teenagers, were found mangled in the woods,
according to police.
President Trump tweeted to call the gang "bad". Attorney General Jeff
Sessions vowed to "devastate" it. Both blamed Obama-era immigration policy
for its rise.
But what is MS-13 and is Obama really to blame?
A reputation for extreme violence
The gang began in the barrios of East Los Angeles in LA during the 1980s,
formed by immigrants who had fled El Salvador's long and brutal civil war.
Other members came from Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico.
The MS stands for Mara Salvatrucha, said to be a combination of Mara, meaning
gang, Salva, for Salvador, and trucha, which translates roughly into street
smarts. The 13 represents the position of M in the alphabet.
MS-13 established a reputation for extreme violence and for killing with
machetes. It took root in neighbourhoods dominated by Mexican gangs, and
later expanded to other parts of the country.
According to the FBI, the gang has spread to 46 states.
In 2012, the US Treasury designated the gang a "transnational criminal
organisation". It was the first street gang to receive the dubious honour,
placing it alongside much larger international cartels like the Mexican
Zetas, Japanese Yakuza and Italian Camorra.
Brutal initiations
MS-13 has been accused of recruiting poor and at-risk teenagers. Joining is
said to require being "jumped in" - subjected to a vicious 13-second beating
- and "getting wet" - carrying out a crime, often a murder, for the gang.
Leaving is potentially even more dangerous. Large chest tattoos brand members
for life, and some factions are said to murder members who attempt to leave.
A 2008 FBI threat assessment put the size of MS-13 between 6,000 and 10,000
members in the US, making it one of the largest criminal enterprises in the
country.
It is now larger outside the country, according to the agency. An anti-gang
crackdown in the late 1990s saw hundreds of early members shipped back to
Central American countries, where they established offshoots. Estimates put
the number of members in Central American countries at at least 60,000.
The gang's annual revenue is about $31.2m (￡23.4m) according to information
from a large-scale Salvadorean police operation obtained by the El Faro
newspaper - mainly from from drugs and extortion.
'Kill, rape, control'
Recent high-profile cases linked to the gang include the murder of two female
high-school students who were attacked with a machete and baseball bat as
they walked through their neighbourhood in New York last month - a revenge
attack over a minor dispute, according to police.
Four alleged MS-13 members were charged with that crime. Another two alleged
members were charged at the same time with the murder of a fellow gang member
said to have violated gang protocol.
The same month, two alleged members of the gang in Houston, Texas were
charged with kidnapping three teenage girls, holding them hostage and raping
them before shooting one dead on the side of the road.
Miguel Alvarez-Flores, 22, and Diego Hernandez-Rivera, 18, laughed and waved
at the cameras during their court appearance.
MS-13's motto is "kill, rape, control", according to one FBI gang specialist
who investigated the group.
Blaming Obama
Mr Trump and Mr Sessions have pointed the finger at former President Barack
Obama over the spread of MS-13, alleging that his open-door immigration
policies fuelled its growth.
But the gang formed and flourished in the US long before Mr Obama came to
power. MS-13 was identified as a significant threat in the 1990s, and a
special FBI taskforce was convened against the gang in 1994.
The big surge was during Bush-Cheney when the drivers of illegal migration in
Central America grew, when various crackdowns on crime filled prisons to
bursting point, and when funding for rehabilitation programs declined,"
Fulton T Armstrong, a research fellow at the Center for Latin American and
Latino Studies at American University, told fact-checking website Politifact.
"I have seen no evidence that the Obama administration can be blamed in any
way for the existence or activities of the gang in the US," said Ioan Grillo,
author of a book on US gang crime.
The Obama administration also prioritised the deportation of gang criminals,
including MS-13 members, in an aggressive deportation program.
Politifact rated Mr Trump's claim as false.
摘要翻译:
美国当地时间的周一,在加州长岛地区发生了一件谋杀案. 根据警方说法,死者为四名男性
- 其中三名为青少年, 全都在竹林中被乱刀砍死.
美国总统川普也在推特称此帮派的行为 - 'bad'(坏坏), 也连同了美国检察总长将其
犯罪的孳生归咎于前美国总统欧巴马时代的移民政策.
MS-13 最令人恶名昭彰的就是其极为暴力的犯罪
此帮派出生在1980年代东洛杉矶的社区, 主要成员为当时逃离萨尔瓦多其长期及暴力
的内战的游击队员以及其帮派前身 La Mara,其他成员则分别来自洪都拉斯, 危地马拉
以及..墨西哥.
MS分别代表着 Mara Salvatrucha. Mara 即是帮派(gang), Salva 则是萨尔瓦多
如果rucha加在萨尔瓦多后面,则有"常保警觉" 或是受过训练成为游击队员的萨尔瓦多人.
13则代表M在字母里的排列顺序.
MS-13 在帮派中创造出其极为暴力的形象- 以大砍刀来进行暴力犯罪.
https://goo.gl/srgb13 (如果你google MS-13 machete 你可能会吓到....)
并在以墨西哥裔帮派为主的neighborhood扎根,然后散布到了各个区域.
根据FBI的说法,MS-13已经散布到美国的46个州....
美国财政部在2012年正式颁布MS-13为一个跨国犯罪组织. 也是第一个街头帮派可以获得
如此大型的头衔,与世界其他大帮派齐名- 日本的Yakuza(譬如著名的山口组),
位于南义那不勒斯的Camorra黑手党, 以及恶名昭彰的墨西哥Zetas.
残忍的入门
MS-13也被重度批评其招收贫穷及具有高犯罪风险的青少年. 加入此帮派需要经历
两个门槛- 1.jumped in - 遭受13秒的暴力殴打
2.getting wet - 进行犯罪, 通常是为了帮派去谋杀他人.
但是想要离开此帮派是重度危险的事情. 在MS-13成员胸前常常有的刺青,
表明了 意思是一日MS-13 终生MS-13, 所以成员也会杀害那些意图离开帮派的成员.
2008年FBI 评估了MS-13的成员在美国约在6000-10000人左右,也成为美国本土最大
的犯罪团体. 但是在美国境外,MS-13的人数更为惊人, 依照估计现在中美洲约有
6万个成员....
帮派的年收益大约为3100万美金,根据萨尔瓦多当地报纸报导警方的说法- 其帮派收益
主要来自敲诈勒索 以及毒品贩卖.
近期较为众人皆知的犯罪事件是发生在纽约, 两个女高中生在走过一些neighborhood
时突然被帮派成员持大砍刀及棒球棍袭击. 此事件中四个帮派成员被捕, 但是另外还有
两个帮派成员同时被逮捕, 其原因是砍杀一个违反帮派规定的前帮派成员.
(可能是想要离开帮派)
同一个月, 在达拉斯当地的三名MS-13成员被捕, 原因是绑架了三名女孩,挟持并
强暴, 再将其中一名女孩射杀后丢弃在路边.
在法院上,22岁及18岁的帮派成员还对着摄影镜头笑还挥着手打招呼.
MS-13的座右铭为- kill, rape, control
其余报导则是稍微解释了一下其实MS-13在欧巴马上台之前就已经散布到了美国各地
而欧巴马上台后对于帮派组织的成员包括MS-13 进行优先驱逐出境,所以欧巴马的移民
政策不一定是造成帮派成员增多的主要原因.
以上翻译如有不顺请多见谅
4.完整新闻连结 (或短网址):
https://goo.gl/el5de9