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Discrimination in Baseball: MLB Umpires, Racial Bias and Calling Strikes
(图片是洋基上个系列赛对大都会时,Reyes觉得没被tag到,但三垒裁判觉得有。)
全文在此:
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2011六月Aemrcain Economic Review研究,扣掉参考文献25页,
图表或表格在第6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19和22页~ XD
以下是这个研究的摘要:
Major League Baseball umpires express their racial/ethnic preferences when
they evaluate pitchers. Strikes are called less often if the umpire and
pitcher do not match race/ethnicity, but mainly where there is little
scrutiny of umpires. Pitchers understand the incentives and throw pitches
that allow umpires less subjective judgment (e.g.,
fastballs over home plate) when they anticipate bias. These direct and
indirect effects bias performance measures of minorities downward. The
results suggest how discrimination alters discriminated groups’ behavior
generally. They imply that biases in measured productivity must be accounted
for in generating measures of wage discrimination.
大联盟主审对投手是有种族偏好的,如果主审和投手来自不同种族,主审比较不常判好球
,主要原因是裁判很少仔细看球。
<照这个指标,布莱得彼特这个一般公认的白人帅哥来投,最能吸引主审仔细看球囉?:P>
投手也了解这个“红利”,通常都投主审比较不那么主观判断的球种<如本垒板上方
快速球>。这些直接或间接的影响让小数民族在大联盟的成绩表现下滑。
研究结果显示歧视如何改变被歧视族群的行为,
*<写这研究的作者们真的战很大 <汗>*
结果也显示偏见在数据化的大联盟一定会对薪水评估产生影响。 <