※ [本文转录自 eaquson 信箱]
http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/putting-pressure-on-the-defense/
Putting pressure on the defense
by Craig Brown
May 05, 2008
Jack Cust is in the process of redefining the idea of Three True Outcomes.
With 25 home runs, 105 walks and 164 strikeouts in 507 plate appearances in
2007, Cust avoided the defense a whopping 58 percent of the time, the highest
rate of any hitter going back to 1956.
Jack Cust正在重新定义TTO的观念。在2007年的507打席中有
25只全垒打、105次保送与164次三振，Cust在当代有高达58%的机率避免守备机会，
这是自1956年以来所有打者中最高的比率。
(译按:关于TTO，bp上的文章:
http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=724
简单说就是投打对决中不受脚程，防守，教练下达的战术等干扰，只真实反应出与投
球和击球有关的数据: 全垒打，保送与三振。因此被称为三项"真实"数据。)
(译按:
07年 Jack Cust Oak
G AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI TB BB SO SB CS OBP SLG AVG
124 395 61 101 18 1 26 82 199 105 164 0 2 .408 .504 .256
SF SH HBP IBB GDP TPA NP XBH SB% GO AO GO/AO OPS
6 0 1 2 6 507 2232 45 0.0 87 49 1.90 .912 )
Despite his slow start this year, Cust is at it again. In games through the
end of April, Cust has just one home run, but his 22 walks and 27 strikeouts
in 91 plate appearances have him back at the top of the True Outcomes
leaderboard through April at 55 percent. It’s frightening to think that
number will probably climb if he ever finds his power stroke.
即使今年进度稍微落后，Cust又再度来到这个进程。在四月底之前，他只有一只全垒打，
但他在91打席中的22次保送与27次三振让他以55%的比率在四月回到TTO的领先群顶点
。想想如果他找回他的打击威力这个数字可能会进一步攀升是令人畏惧的。
But what about the other end of the spectrum? The guys who, when they come to
the plate, keep the defense on their toes? With that in mind, here is a list
of five hitters going back to 1956 who have the single-season lowest Three
True Outcomes percentage and how they did it.
但是光谱的另一端，那些来到本垒板前总是使防守者垫起脚尖的打者又是如何呢?
考虑到这点，这里列出自1956年以来单季最低的TTO比率的打者，探讨他们如何做到
这种表现。
5. Bobby Richardson, 1963 - 3 HR, 25 BB, 22 SO in 668 plate appearances
True Outcome% - 7.5%
第五名. Bobby Richardson
1963 - 3 HR, 25 BB, 22 SO in 668 plate appearances
True Outcome% - 7.5%
Richardson was the Yankees' light-hitting second baseman at the end of the
great Yankee dynasty of the 1950s and ’60s. Entering 1963, he was coming off
the best year of his career where he hit .302/.337/.406 with 37 walks and 24
strikeouts and finished second in the MVP voting. His 1963 season had to be
something of a letdown as Richardson managed a .265/.294/.330 effort. Despite
his struggles to reach base, he finished 10th in that year’s MVP vote. That
was undoubtedly helped by the fact he was and excellent defender.
Richardson是1950与60年代洋基王朝尾声队上的轻型打击二垒手。到了1963年，他表现出
职业生涯最好的打击成绩: .302/.337/.406 ，37次保送与24次三振，在MVP票选中排名
第二。他的1963年球季因为 .265/.294/.330 的成绩而显得衰退。即使他努力想要上垒，
那年他在MVP票选中只列名第十。这无疑地来自于他是个杰出的防守者。
He finds himself here because for the 1963 season, he cut his walk to 3.6
percent and strikeout rate to 3.5 percent, but remained in line with his
average output as a hitter. Over his 12 year career, Richardson hit
.266/.299/.335 with 34 home runs.
在1963年球季他的成绩之所以如此来自于他的保送率降至3.6%，三振率降至3.5%，
但打击率与他身为打者的平均值一致。在他生涯12年终，Richardson的打击三围是
.266/.299/.335 有34只全垒打。
While Richardson was a revered member of those World Champion Yankee teams,
he was an out machine. He finished second in outs in 1963 which was the only
year from 1961 to 1965 where he did not lead the league in that category. It
didn’t help that he routinely hit leadoff or second later in his career.
Richardson身为那些取得世界大赛冠军的洋基队上令人尊敬的一员的同时，他也是一个
出局机器。他在1963年出局数排名第二，那是在这项数据上1961到1965年间他唯一不曾
领先联盟的一年。他在生涯中常态性的打第一或第二棒也无助于事。
While the 1963 Yankees won the AL pennant for the fourth straight year, they
certainly carried a bunch of low OBP players. Richardson at .294 along with
Clete Boyer at .295 and shortstop Tony Kubek at .294 helped hold the Yankees
team OBP to .307 which ranked them seventh out of 10 teams in the league.
当1963年洋基队连续第四度赢得美联冠军的时候，他们确实有许多低上垒率的球员。
Richardson的.294上垒率与Clete Boyer的.295，游击手Tony Kubek的.294协助让洋基的
上垒率保持在.307 ，在美联十队中排名第七。
That Kubek led off and Richardson hit second for Ralph Houk’s team would
melt the internets if that happened today. I’m pretty sure Tom Tresh wasn’t
happy about his lack of RBI opportunities.
在教头Ralph Houk的队上，Kubek打第一棒、Richardson打第二棒的情形若发生在今天
恐怕会造成网络瘫痪。我很确定Tom Tresh(62年新人王，61-68年在洋基队的外野手)
会因为他缺少打点机会而感到不快。
But the Yankees were able to make up for their collective inability to get on
base by doing what they normally did—they pounded the ball into oblivion
(adjusted for era, of course) Their 188 home runs and .403 slugging
percentage ranked second in the AL and they averaged 4.4 runs per game, which
also was good enough to rank second. The best hitting team in the AL that
summer was the Minnesota Twins, but they finished in third place with 91 wins.
但是洋基有能力以他们常做的到的事补偿全队上垒率的低落－他们把球打不见
(以当时的时代而言是可以这样说的) 他们的188只全垒打与 .403的长打率在美联排名第二
，平均每场4.4的得分也好到足以排名第二。当年美联最佳攻击队伍是明尼苏达双城队，
但他们最好只以91胜取得第三名。
However when the Yankees ran into the superior pitching of the Dodgers in the
World Series, their offensive shortcomings could no longer hide. New York hit
just .171/.207/.240 and scored only four runs in getting swept.
然而当洋基在世界大赛遇到更好的道奇队投手群时，他们攻击上的短处再也隐藏不住。
他们只打出 .171/.207/.240的成绩，在被横扫的系列赛中总共只得四分。
Richardson played three more years for the Yankees and saw his OBP decrease
each season until he retired in 1966 at the age of 30.
之后Richardson又继续为洋基打了三年球，看着他的上垒率年年下降直到他在1966年以
30岁的年纪退休。
4. Nellie Fox 1963: 2 HR, 24 BB, 17 SO in 582 plate appearances
True Outcome % - 7.4%
It’s not surprising that Fox would end up on this list as he was the
ultimate contact hitter of his era, never striking out more than 18 times in
a single season. In fact, Fox was the toughest batter to whiff in 1963,
striking out just once every 31.7 at bats. His strikeout rate actually jumped
from 1.9 percent in 1962 to (for Fox) a whopping 3.2 percent in 1963. He
makes the top five on the strength (or lack thereof) of his 24 walks, which
was a career low. For the year, he hit .260/.299/.306 with 140 hits in 539 at
bats and his on base percentage was also the lowest mark of his 19-year
career. It was his worst full season since his rookie season in 1950.
身为他那个时代终极的contact型打者，从未在球季被三振超过18次，Nellie Fox会出现在
这份名单并不令人惊讶。事实上在1963年Fox是最难应付的打者，每31.7打数才被三振一次
。1963年他的三振率事实上从1962年的1.9%上升到对他来说异常的3.2%。
24次保送是他能在这个关于力量(或缺乏力量)的名单上名列第五的原因。
那年他的成绩是 .260/.299/.306 ，在539打数中有140支安打，上垒率也是他19年职业生
涯的最低点。这是他自1950的菜鸟年以来最糟的一季。
Like Richardson, Fox was Chicago’s number two hitter (behind either Mike
Hershberger or Jim Landis.) The White Sox were in first place as late as June
14 that year, but couldn’t match the Yankees in the power department and
faded over the second half of the season before finishing in second place,
10.5 games back.
就像Richardson，Fox是当年芝加哥白袜的第二棒(在 Mike Hershberger 或Jim Landis
后面。)白袜在当年直到六月14日都是第一名，但是在打击部门无法与洋基抗衡，在下半
季逐渐退步，最后以10.5场的胜差屈居第二。
Fox was traded that offseason to the Houston Colt .45’s in exchange for
Danny Murphy and Jim Golden. He played two seasons in Houston and finished
his career with a .288/.345/.363 line.
那年球季后Fox被交易至休士顿科特点四五手枪队('65年改名休士顿太空人队)
以交换 Danny Murphy 和 Jim Golden。他在休士顿打了两季，最后的生涯成绩是
.288/.345/.363。
Averaging a strikeout every 42.7 at bats for his career, Fox finished as the
fourth most difficult hitter of all time to strikeout. He was inducted into
the Hall of Fame in 1997.
在生涯中平均42.7打数才被三振一次，Fox是至今第四难三振的打者。他在1997年进入名
人堂。
3. Tim Foli, 1982: 3 HR, 14 BB, 22 SO in 528 plate appearances
True Outcome % - 7.4%
Foli was the number one overall pick in the 1968 draft by the New York Mets
and was able to play 16 years in the majors as a light hitting shortstop.
Following the ’81 season, Foli joined the California Angels and it looked as
though he would play out the remainder of his career as a utility infielder.
But after regular Rick Burelson went down in April of that year with a torn
rotator cuff, Foli was thrust into the lineup where he finished with a
.252/.273/.308 line for the season.
Tom Foli 在1968年选秀由纽约大都会队在第一轮选出，在MLB以轻型打者担任16年的游击
手。接下来在81年球季，他加入了加州天使队，看起来他会在生涯剩下的时间成为内野工
具人。但是在 Rick Burelson 于四月因为旋转圈肩伤退出先发名单之后，Foli被插进打
线而在那个球季打出 .252/.273/.308 的成绩。
His 14 walks that year at the time was the record for the fewest free passes
in a single season from a player who appeared in at least 150 games. He also
was the toughest hitter to strikeout in the league that year, whiffing just
once every 21.8 at bats. Combine those two ingredients with his lack of power
(he had 25 career home runs) and it’s not surprising he made this list.
他当年的14次保送是上场至少150场的球员中单季最少自由通行证的纪录。他也是当年最
难三振的打者，每21.8打数才被三振一次。合并这两个成份(三振，保送)以及他的缺乏
长打威力，(他生涯只有25只全垒打)他会出现在这个名单上并不让人惊讶。
Foli’s career is about as nondescript as you can get, but he did lead the AL
in sacrifice hits in ’82. The Angels won the AL West that year and Foli hit
.125/.125/.125 in the five game loss to the Milwaukee Brewers.
Foli的生涯难以归类，但他的牺牲打确实在82年领先全联盟。天使队在那年赢得美西分区
冠军，他在输给密尔瓦基酿酒人的五场球中打出.125/.125/.125的成绩。
He shifted to the utility role the following year and hit .252/.263/.300 in
88 games. He retired after being released by Pittsburgh in June of 1985.
他在接下来的一年转移到工具人的角色，在88场比赛中打出 .252/.263/.300的成绩。
他在1985年6月被匹茨堡释出后退休。
2. Tim Foli, 1979: 1 HR, 28 BB, 14 SO in 587 plate appearances
True Outcome % - 7.3%
Hey, he’s here again.
科，他又来了。
Only this time, 1979 was the best offensive season of Foli’s career where he
posted career highs across the board, hitting .288/.330/.340. He began the
year with the New York Mets, but appeared in only three games before he was
traded to the Pirates for Frank Taveras.
只是这次，1979年是 Foli 打击最佳的球季，他在计分版上以 .288/.330/.340展现了
生涯最好的成绩。他在这年刚开始是在纽约大都会队上，但只出赛三场后就被交易至
海盗队以换取 Frank Taveras。
Foli’s high on base percentage in 1979 is due to the fact he walked more
than usual in drawing 28 free passes. It should also be noted that he was hit
by a pitch nine times that year, which obviously helped. He also set a career
high with 153 base hits (128 of which were singles.)
Foli 在1979年的高上垒率来自于他比平常较多的28次保送。还要提到他的9次触身球保送
，那明显有帮助。他也在那年有生涯最高的153次安打(其中128只是一垒安打。)
And just like his ’82 season, he was by far the toughest hitter to strikeout
in the NL in 1979, going down on strikes once every 38 at bats. Over the last
30 years, no player has posted a better ratio—Tony Gwynn came closest,
striking out once every 35.7 at bats in 1995.
就像在他的'82年球季，1979年他显然是在国联最难被三振的打者，每38个打数才出现
一次三振。在过去30年，没有一位打者有更好的比率－Tony Gwynn 最为接近，在1995
年每35.7打数才有一次三振。
Foli carried his career year into the postseason for the “We Are Family”
Pittsburgh Pirates, hitting .333/.268/.417 in their three game sweep of the
Cincinnati Reds in the NLCS. In the seven game classic against the Baltimore
Orioles, Foli hit in six games posting a .333/.375/.433 line while scoring
six runs. That post season he had 38 plate appearances and drew two walks and
no strikeouts.
Foli把他的职业生涯带近海盗队以"We Are Family"为主题曲的海盗队季后赛，
在横扫辛辛那提红人的美联冠军赛中打出 .333/.268/.417的成绩。在对上巴尔帝摩金莺
七场经典世界大赛中，Foli于其中六场打出 .333/.375/.433的成绩，得了六分。季后赛总
计的38打席中有2次保送，没有三振。
Foli is the anti-Cust.
Foli是反Cust主义者。
1. Matty Alou 1970: 1 HR, 30 BB, 18 SO in 718 plate appearances
True Outcome % - 6.8%
Compared to the previous three hitters, Alou’s inclusion on this list (and
overall first place finish) is a bit of a surprise. Unlike Alou, Richardson
and Foli struggled to get on base throughout their careers. And while Fox was
his peer as a hitter, he was 35 in the ’63 season and well past his prime.
与前面三位打者相比，Alou 在这名单上(而且名列第一)有点使人惊讶。不像 Alou，
Richardson 与 Foli 在他们职业生涯努力想求上垒(他们上垒率比Alou低不少)。
当Fox是他身为打者的同辈，在63年球季他已经35岁而过了主要的时期。
But for Alou, the 1970 season came just as he was leaving what was a very
productive stretch of his career. While Alou (31 career home runs) never hit
for power, his performance as a hitter in the four years from 1966 to 1969
was solid all around. He hit .334/.368/.409 over those seasons and even led
the NL with 231 hits in 1969.
但是对Alou而言，1970年球季他正要离开那段成果丰朔的时期。Alou(生涯31支全垒打)
从不是一位有爆发力的球员，他在1966到1969年身为打者的表现在各方面都十分稳固。
他在那几年平均有 .334/.368/.409，甚至在1969年以231支安打领先国联。
In the 1970 season, Alou hit .297/.329/.356 which means while he owns the
record of lowest True Outcome percentage in a season since 1956, he had the
most productive year among those in the bottom five. He makes this list (and
takes the title) on the strength of striking out just once every 37.6 times
at bat which led the NL that season and was the best rate of Alou’s career.
His next-best rate came in 1971 when he whiffed once every 22.6 at bats. For
his career, Alou struck out in 6.5% of his at bats, but in 1970 he sliced
that to an incredible 2.7%.
在1970球季，Alou打出 .297/.329/.356的成绩，这代表他有着自1956年以来最低的TTO
百分比，他这一年是这名单上成果最好的一年。他以那一季领先国联的37.6打数才有一次
三振(也是生涯最佳)名列名单之首。他的第二好的比率是1971年，22.6打数才有一次三振
。在他的生涯中，Alou只有6.5%的打数遭到三振，但在1970年这比率降到不可思议的2.7%
。
Alou was the ultimate contact hitter that year, collecting 201 hits and
leading the league with 171 singles. He was primarily the leadoff man for the
Pirates, although he did see some at bats as the number two hitter. On a team
with Bob Robertson, Willie Stargell and Roberto Clemente, it’s not
surprising Alou came around and scored 97 runs.
Alou在那一年是究极contact打者，有着201支安打与领先联盟的171支一垒打。他在海盗
队主要担任第一棒，虽然有些打数是第二棒。在一个有着 Bob Robertson,
Willie Stargell 与 Roberto Clemente 的球队，他的复苏与97分的得分并不让人惊讶。
The Pirates won the NL East that year and Alou hit .250/.357/.333 as the Bucs
were swept by the Reds in the NLCS.
海盗队当年赢得国联东区冠军，Alou的成绩是 .250/.357/.333
Here’s the kicker: In that very same year, Alou’s brother Jesus had a True
Outcome percentage of 7.6 percent for the Houston Astros which just missed
this list as it was the sixth lowest of all time.
有趣的来了:在同一年，Alou的兄弟Jesus 在休士顿太空人队的TTO百分比是7.6%，
恰好在名单之外，1956年以来排名第六。
Combined, the Alou brothers had 1,205 times plate appearances and put the
ball in play 1,119 times. The greatest brother combination of all time in
putting pressure on the defense.
合起来，Alou兄弟有1205个打席，其中1119次让防守者有守备机会，在所有的兄弟中
这个比率是最高的。
Craig writes about the Royals at Royals Authority and fantasy baseball at
Heater Magazine. He welcomes all questions and comments via e-mail。